Archi language
Archi | |
---|---|
аршаттен чIат | |
Region | Archib, Dagestan, Russia |
Native speakers
|
970 (2010 census)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | aqc |
Glottolog | arch1244 [3] |
Archi /ɑːrˈtʃiː/[4] is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Archis in the village of Archib, southern Dagestan, Russia, and the six surrounding smaller villages.
It is unusual for its many phonemes and for its contrast between several voiceless velar lateral fricatives and voiceless and ejective velar lateral affricates and a voiced velar lateral fricative. It is an ergative–absolutive language with four noun classes[5] and has a remarkable morphological system with huge paradigms and irregularities on all levels.[6] Mathematically, there are 1,502,839 possible forms that can be derived from a single verb root.[7]
Contents
Classification
The classification of the Archi language has not been definitively established. Peter von Uslar felt it should be considered a variant of Avar[citation needed], but Roderich von Erckert saw it as closer to Lak[citation needed]. The language has also been considered as a separate entity that could be placed somewhere between Avar and Lak[by whom?][citation needed]. The Italian linguist Alfredo Trombetti placed Archi within an Avar–Ando–Dido group[citation needed], but today the most widely recognized opinion follows that of the Soviet scholar Bokarev, who regards Archi as one of the Lezgian–Samur group of the Dagestan languages.[citation needed] Schulze places it in the Lezgian branch with all other Lezgian languages belonging to the Samur group.[2]
Phonology
Archi has, like its Northeast Caucasian relatives, a very complicated phonological system, with Archi being an extreme example. It has 26 vowel phonemes and, depending on analysis, between 74 and 82 consonant phonemes.
Vowels
Archi has a symmetric six-vowel system (/i e ə a o u/).[5] All except /ə/ can occur in five varieties: short, pharyngealized, high tone, long (with high tone), and pharyngealized with high tone (e.g. /a/, /aˤ/, /á/, /áː/, and /áˤ/). Of all these, only /ə/ and /íˤ/ do not occur word-initially.[8] Examples of non-initial /íˤ/ are /díˤt͡ʃa/ ('to be fat')[9] and /iˤntíˤmmaj/ ('brain').[10]
Consonants
Of the languages without click consonants, Archi has one of the largest consonant inventories, with the recently extinct Ubykh of the Northwest Caucasian languages having a few more. The table below shows all consonants that can be found in the Archi Language Tutorial[5] and the Archi Dictionary.[8]
Labial | Dental | (Post)- alveolar |
Palatal | (Pre-)velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | |||||||||||||||||
pl. | lab. | pl. | lab. | pl. | lab. | pl. | lab. | pl. | lab. | pl. | lab. | pl. | lab. | phar. | phar.+lab. | pl. | lab. | phar. | phar.+lab | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plosive | voiced | b | d | dʷ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||||||||||||||||||||
voiceless | p | pː | t | tʷ | tː | k | kʷ | kː | kːʷ | q | qʷ | qˤ | qˤʷ | ʡ | ʔ | |||||||||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | qˤʼ | qˤʷʼ | qːʼ | qːˤʼ | ||||||||||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡sʷ | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | k͡ʟ̝̊ʷ | ||||||||||||||||||
ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡sʷʼ | t͡sːʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | t͡ʃːʼ | k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ | k͡ʟ̝̊ʷʼ | ||||||||||||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | sʷ | sː | sːʷ | ʃ | ʃʷ | ʃː | ʃːʷ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝̊ʷ | ʟ̝̊ː | ʟ̝̊ːʷ | χ | χʷ | χˤ | χˤʷ | χː | χːʷ | χːˤ | χːˤʷ | ʜ | h | |||
voiced | z | zʷ | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʟ̝ | ʁ | ʁʷ | ʁˤ | ʁˤʷ | |||||||||||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Of the consonants listed above, the ones in orange have no word-initial dictionary entries (even though /pː/, /tː/, and /kː/ are relatively common), the one in green does not appear in the Tutorial but does have a word-internal dictionary entry (in /mot͡sːór/, 'alpine pasture used in summer'),[11] and the ones in blue appear in the Tutorial but have no dictionary entries.
Some of these sounds are very rare. For example, /ʁˤʷ/ has only one dictionary entry word-internally (in /íʁˤʷdut/, 'heavy')[12] and two entries word-initially. Likewise, /ʟ̝/ has only two dictionary entries: /náʟ̝dut/ ('blue; unripe')[13] and /k͡ʟ̝̊ʼéʟ̝dut/ ('crooked, curved').[14]
The fortis consonants are not simply two instances of the same consonant, though they do appear largely complementary, with the double instances /mm/, /ll/, and /nn/ being the most common and /zz/ less so. That said, /pp/ can still be found in /ʟ̝̊íppu/ ('three').[15] This is also noted by Kodzasov (1977),[16] who describes the fortis consonants as follows:
"Strong phonemes are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of the articulation. The intensity of the pronunciation leads to a natural lengthening of the duration of the sound, and that is why strong [consonants] differ from weak ones by greater length. [However,] the adjoining of two single weak sounds does not produce a strong one […] Thus, the gemination of a sound does not by itself create its tension."
The voiceless velar lateral fricative /ʟ̝̊/, the voiced velar lateral fricative /ʟ̝/, and the corresponding voiceless and ejective affricates /k͡ʟ̝̊/, /k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ/ are extremely unusual speech sounds among the languages of the world, because velar fricatives are usually central rather than lateral. The velar laterals are further forward than velars in most languages and could better be called prevelar, like the Tutorial does.[5]
Orthography
Until recently Archi did not have a written form, except in studies by specialists who used the Latin script. In 2006, the Surrey Morphological Group developed a Cyrillic alphabet for Archi based on the Avar alphabet, which is used in the Archi–Russian–English Dictionary alongside an IPA transcription.[7]
Base letter | Derived letters and their pronunciation in IPA | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | IPA | IPA | IPA | IPA | IPA | IPA | IPA | |||||||||
а | А а | /a/ | Аӏ аӏ | /aˤ/ | А́ а́ | /á/ | А́а а́а | /áː/ | А́ӏ а́ӏ | /áˤ/ | ||||||
б | Б б | /b/ | ||||||||||||||
в | В в | /w/ | various others, see below | |||||||||||||
г | Г г | /ɡ/ | Гв гв | /ɡʷ/ | Гь гь | /h/ | Гъ гъ | /ʁ/ | Гъв гъв | /ʁʷ/ | Гъӏ гъӏ | /ʁˤ/ | Гъӏв гъӏв | /ʁˤʷ/ | Гӏ гӏ | /ʡ/ |
д | Д д | /d/ | Дв дв | /dʷ/ | ||||||||||||
е | Е е | /e/ | Еӏ еӏ | /eˤ/ | Е́ е́ | /é/ | Е́е е́е | /éː/ | Е́ӏ е́ӏ | /éˤ/ | ||||||
ж | Ж ж | /ʒ/ | Жв жв | /ʒʷ/ | ||||||||||||
з | З з | /z/ | Зв зв | /zʷ/ | ||||||||||||
и | И и | /i/ | Иӏ иӏ | /iˤ/ | И́ и́ | /í/ | И́и и́и | /íː/ | и́ӏ | /íˤ/ | ||||||
й | Й й | /j/ | ||||||||||||||
к | К к | /k/ | кк | /kː/ | Кв кв | /kʷ/ | ккв | /kːʷ/ | Кӏ кӏ | /kʼ/ | Кӏв кӏв | /kʷʼ/ | Къ къ | /qʼ/ | Къв къв | /qʷʼ/ |
ккъ | /qːʼ/ | Къӏ къӏ | /qˤʼ/ | Ккъӏ ккъӏ | /qːˤʼ/ | Къӏв къӏв | /qˤʷʼ/ | Кь кь | /k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ/, /ʟ̝/ | Кьв кьв | /k͡ʟ̝̊ʷʼ/ | |||||
л | Л л | /l/ | Лъ лъ | /ʟ̝̊/ | Ллъ ллъ | /ʟ̝̊ː/ | Лъв лъв | /ʟ̝̊ʷ/ | Ллъв ллъв | /ʟ̝̊ːʷ/ | Лӏ лӏ | /k͡ʟ̝̊/ | Лӏв лӏв | /k͡ʟ̝̊ʷ/ | ||
м | М м | /m/ | ||||||||||||||
н | Н н | /n/ | ||||||||||||||
о | О о | /o/ | Оӏ оӏ | /oˤ/ | О́ о́ | /ó/ | О́о о́о | /óː/ | О́ӏ о́ӏ | /óˤ/ | ||||||
п | П п | /p/ | пп | /pː/ | Пӏ пӏ | /pʼ/ | ||||||||||
р | Р р | /r/ | ||||||||||||||
с | С с | /s/ | Сс сс | /sː/ | Св св | /sʷ/ | Ссв ссв | /sːʷ/ | ||||||||
т | Т т | /t/ | тт | /tː/ | Тӏ тӏ | /tʼ/ | Тв тв | /tʷ/ | ||||||||
у | У у | /u/ | Уӏ уӏ | /uˤ/ | У́ у́ | /ú/ | У́у у́у | /úː/ | У́ӏ у́ӏ | /úˤ/ | ||||||
х | Х х | /χ/ | Хх хх | /χː/ | Хв хв | /χʷ/ | Ххв ххв | /χːʷ/ | Хӏ хӏ | /ʜ/ | Хьӏ хьӏ | /χˤ/ | Ххьӏ ххьӏ | /χːˤ/ | Хьӏв хьӏв | /χˤʷ/ |
Ххьӏв ххьӏв | /χːˤʷ/ | Хъ хъ | /q/ | Хъв хъв | /qʷ/ | Хъӏ хъӏ | /qˤ/ | Хъӏв хъӏв | /qˤʷ/ | |||||||
ц | Ц ц | /t͡s/ | Цв цв | /t͡sʷ/ | Цӏ цӏ | /t͡sʼ/ | Цӏв цӏв | /t͡sʷʼ/ | Цц цц | /t͡sː/ | Ццӏ ццӏ | /t͡sːʼ/ | ||||
ч | Ч ч | /t͡ʃ/ | Чв чв | /t͡ʃʷ/ | Чӏ чӏ | /t͡ʃʼ/ | Чӏв чӏв | /t͡ʃʷʼ/ | Ччӏ ччӏ | /t͡ʃːʼ/ | ||||||
ш | Ш ш | /ʃ/ | Щ щ | /ʃː/ | Шв шв | /ʃʷ/ | Щв щв | /ʃːʷ/ | ||||||||
ы | ы | /ə/ | ||||||||||||||
ъ | ъ | /ʔ/ | various others, see above |
Grammar
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Nouns
Archi nouns inflect for number (singular or plural) and for one of 10 regular cases and 5 locative cases that can all take one of 6 directional suffixes.[5] There are four noun classes, which are only evident from verbal agreement.[5]
Case
Case | Marker | Sg. 'ram' | Pl. 'rams' |
---|---|---|---|
Absolutive | -∅ | baˁkʼ | baˁkʼ-ur |
Ergative | -∅ | beˁkʼ-iri | baˁkʼ-ur-čaj |
Genitive | -n | beˁkʼ-iri-n | baˁkʼ-ur-če-n |
Dative | -s, -sː | beˁkʼ-iri-s | baˁkʼ-ur-če-s |
Comitative | -ʟ̝̊ːu | beˁkʼ-iri-ʟ̝̊ːu | baˁkʼ-ur-če-ʟ̝̊ːu |
Similative | -qˁdi | beˁkʼ-iri-qˁdi | baˁkʼ-ur-če-qˁdi |
Causal | -šːi | beˁkʼ-iri-šːi | baˁkʼ-ur-če-šːi |
Comparative | -χur | beˁkʼ-iri-χur | baˁkʼ-ur-če-χur |
Partitive | -qˁiš | beˁkʼ-iri-qˁiš | baˁkʼ-ur-če-qˁiš |
Substitutive | -k͡ʟ̝̊ʼəna | beˁkʼ-iri-k͡ʟ̝̊ʼəna | baˁkʼ-ur-če-k͡ʟ̝̊ʼəna |
Depending on the specifics of the analysis, neither the ergative nor absolutive cases are necessarily marked by a specific suffix. Rather, they are marked by the use of the basic (for the absolutive) and oblique (for the ergative) stems in the absence of other markers. There is also a locative-case series, where 6 directional-case suffixes are combined with 5 spatial cases to produce a total of 30 case-localization combinations. However, these do not constitute 30 distinct case forms, because they are easily derivable from a pair of morphemes.
Spatial case | Marker | Directional case | Marker |
---|---|---|---|
Inessive ("in") | -aj / -a | Essive ("As") | -∅ |
Intrative ("between") | - qˁ(a-) | Elative ("Out of") | -š |
Superessive ("above") | -tːi- / -t | Lative ("To"/"Into") | -k |
Subessive ("below") | -k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ(a-) | Allative ("Onto") | -ši |
Pertingent ("against") | -ra- | Terminative (Specifies a limit) | -kena |
Translative (Indicates change) | -χutː |
Noun classes
The four noun classes of Archi are only evident from verbal inflection. The table below summarizes these noun classes and their associated verbal morphology.
Class | Description | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prefix | Infix | Prefix | ||
I | Male human | w- | -w- | b- |
II | Female human | d- | -r- | |
III | All insects, some animates, some inanimates |
b- | -b- | ∅- |
IV | Abstracts, some animates, some inanimates |
∅- | -∅- |
References
- ↑ Archi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schulze's classification schemata of the Caucasian languages
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 The Archi language tutorial, presenting an overview of the grammar of Archi
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kibrik, A. E. (2001). "Archi (Caucasian—Daghestanian)", The Handbook of Morphology, Blackwell, pg. 468
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ translated in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:97–98)
Bibliography
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Further reading
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External links
- Appendix:Cyrillic script
- Archi–Russian–English dictionary
- Archi language tutorial
- Archi Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- Archi basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- A sample of the Archi language, 'the Bear Story':