Arthur Young (agriculturist)

For the cartoonist and writer, see Art Young.

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Arthur Young (1794)

Arthur Young (11 September 1741 – 12 April 1820) was an English writer on agriculture, economics, social statistics, and campaigner for the rights of agricultural workers.

Biography

Birth and early life

Arthur Young was born in 1741 at Whitehall, London, the second son of the Rev. Arthur Young, who was chaplain to Speaker Arthur Onslow. After attending school at Lavenham, Arthur Young was in 1758 placed in a mercantile house at King's Lynn, but had no interest in commerce.

At the age of seventeen, he published a pamphlet On the War in North America, and in 1761 went to London and started a magazine entitled The Universal Museum, which was dropped on the advice of Samuel Johnson.

He also wrote four novels, and Reflections on the Present State of Affairs at Home and Abroad in 1759. After his father's death in the same year, his mother placed him in charge of the family estate at Bradfield Hall; but the property was small and encumbered with debt. From 1763 to 1766 he devoted himself to farming on this property. In 1765 he married Martha Allen (died 1815), sister-in-law of Charles Burney. Their acute marital strife and Young's devotion to his children were witnessed by Fanny Burney and her half-sister Sarah during a visit in 1792.

Young grieved long and deeply when his daughter Martha Ann died of consumption on 14 July 1797 at the age of fourteen, and the loss is said to have turned his mind to religion. In his final years he became firm friends with a granddaughter of Burney's, Marianne Francis (1790–1832), who shared his commitment to Evangelical Christianity.

Early career

In 1767 he took over a farm in Essex, where he engaged in various experiments, describing the results in A Course of Experimental Agriculture (1770). Though Young's experiments were, in general, unsuccessful, he thus acquired a solid knowledge of agriculture.

He had already begun a series of journeys through England and Wales, and gave an account of his observations in books which appeared from 1768 to 1770—A Six Weeks' Tour through the Southern Counties of England and Wales, A Six Months' Tour through the North of England and the Farmer's Tour through the East of England. He claimed that these books contained the only extant information relative to the rental, produce and stock of England that was founded on actual examination. They were very favourably received, being translated into most European languages by 1792.

In all, Young produced around 25 books and pamphlets on agriculture and 15 books on political economy, as well as many articles. He was famous for the views he expressed, as an agricultural improver, political economist and social observer.

In 1768 he published the Farmer's Letters to the People of England, in 1771 the Farmer's Calendar, which went through many editions, and in 1774 his Political Arithmetic, which was widely translated. Young also acted as parliamentary reporter for the Morning Post.

He toured the Kingdom of Ireland in 1776-77, publishing his Tour in Ireland in 1780. The book was subsequently republished in 1897 and 1925, but with large sections of Young's perceptive social detail edited out.

In 1784 he began the publication of the Annals of Agriculture, which was continued for 45 volumes: contributors included King George III, writing under the nom de plume of "Ralph Robinson."

Travel in France

Young's first visit to France was in 1787. Travelling all over that country around the start of the French Revolution, he described the condition of the people and the conduct of public affairs at that critical juncture. The Travels in France appeared in one large quarto volume in 1792, reprinted in two octavo volumes (Dublin, 1793); enlarged second edition in two quarto volumes (London, 1794). On his return home he was appointed secretary of the Board of Agriculture 1793 just formed under the presidency of Sir John Sinclair. In this capacity he gave most valuable assistance in the collection and preparation of agricultural surveys of the English counties. His sight, however, failed, and in 1811 he had an operation for cataract, which proved unsuccessful.

On his death, he left an autobiography in manuscript, which was edited (1898) by Miss M. Betham-Edwards, and is the main authority for his life. He also left the materials for a great work on the Elements and practice of agriculture.

Legacy

File:An Arthur Young (1741–1820) bookplate in a Royal Agricultural Society of England book.jpg

One of Arthur Young's bookplates in a Royal Agricultural Society of England book.

Arthur Young is considered the greatest of all English writers on agriculture; but it is as a social and political observer that he is best known, and his Tour in Ireland and Travels in France are still full of interest and instruction. He saw clearly and exposed unsparingly the causes which retarded the progress of Ireland. He strongly urged the repeal of the penal laws which pressed upon the Catholics; he condemned the restrictions imposed by Great Britain on the commerce of Ireland, and also the perpetual interference of the Irish parliament with industry by prohibitions and bounties. He favoured a legislative union of Ireland with Great Britain, though he did not regard such a measure as absolutely necessary, many of its advantages being otherwise attainable.

He thought the soil of France superior to that of England, but noted that agriculture was neither as well understood nor as highly regarded as in England. He blamed the upper classes for their neglect of it. "Banishment (from court) alone will force the French nobility to execute what the English do for pleasure — reside upon and adorn their estates." Young saw the commencement of violence in the rural districts, and his sympathies began to take the side of the classes suffering from the excesses of the Revolution. This change of attitude was shown by his publication in 1793 of a tract entitled The Example of France a Warning to England. Of the profounder significance of the French outbreak he seems to have had little idea, and thought the crisis would be met by a constitutional adjustment in accordance with the English type. He strongly condemned the metayer system, then widely prevalent in France, as "perpetuating poverty and excluding instruction"—as, in fact, the ruin of the country. Some of his phrases have been often quoted by the advocates of peasant proprietorship as favouring their view.

• "The magic of property turns sand to gold."
• "Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden; give him a nine years' lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert."

But these sentences, in which the epigrammatic form exaggerates a truth, and which might seem to represent the possession of capital as of no importance in agriculture, must not be taken as conveying his approbation of the system of small properties in general. He approved it only when the subdivision was strictly limited, and even then with great reserves; and he remained to the end what John Stuart Mill calls him, "the apostle of la grande culture".

The Directory in 1801 ordered his writings on the art to be translated and published at Paris in 20 volumes under the title of Le Cultivateur anglais. His Travels in France were translated in 1793/1794 by Soules; a new version by M. Lesage, with an introduction by M. de Lavergne, appeared in 1856. An interesting review of the latter publication, under the title of Arthur Young et la France de 1789, will be found in M. Baudrillart's Publicistes modernes (Paris 1st ed., 1862).

More recently attention has moved to the small print of his writings and Young has been studied for his methods of investigation. Richard Stone (1997) presents him as a pioneer national income statistician, continuing the work of Gregory King who had lived a century before. Young produced three estimates of the national income of England, in his Tour through the North of England, Farmer's Tour through the East of England and in his Political Arithmetic. Brunt (2001) emphasises the way Young collected his information and presents him as a pioneer of sample surveys. Young influenced such contemporary observers of economic and social life as Frederick Morton Eden and Sinclair.

Selected publications

Young produced around 25 books and pamphlets on agriculture and 15 books on political economy, as well as many articles. A selection:

• Arthur Young. A Six Weeks Tour Through the Southern Counties of England and Wales
• Arthur Young. The Farmer’s Letters to the People of England, 1768.
• Arthur Young. The farmer's guide in hiring and stocking farms. London, 1770.
• Arthur Young. The Farmer’s Calendar, 1771; 1862 edition
• Arthur Young. The Farmer's Tour Through the East of England: Being the Register of a Journey Through Various ... 1771
• Arthur Young. Political Arithmetic: Containing Observations on the Present State of Great Britain and the Principles of Her Policy in the Encouragement of Agriculture, 1774.
• Arthur Young. A Tour in Ireland, 1780. Repr. Blackstaff Press, 1983.
• Arthur Young. Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts. Vol 1 to 45, 1785-1809; Vol. 1, 1785 ; Vol. 8, 1787; Vol. 10, 1799; Vol. 17, 1792, Vol. 22, 1794; Vol. 32, 1799; Vol. 45, 1808;
• Arthur Young. Travels during the years 1787, 1788, & 1789 : undertaken more particularly with a view of ascertaining the cultivation, wealth, resources, and national prosperity of the Kingdom of France, 1792.
• Arthur Young. View of the agriculture of Oxfordshire. By the secretary of the Board of agriculture and ... 1809
• Arthur Young. The autobiography of Arthur Young. London, 1898.

About Arthur Young

• Colin Dyer. La France revisitée : sur les traces d'Arthur Young. Denoël, 1989.
• John Gerow Gazley. The life of Arthur Young, 1741-1820. American Philosophical Society, 1973.
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• Webb, Alfred (1878). " Young, Arthur". A Compendium of Irish Biography. Dublin: M. H. Gill & son. Wikisource 

References

Attribution

This article incorporates public domain material from: "Young, Arthur (1741-1829)" in: The Encyclopaedia Brittanica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature, Volume 28. 11th edition, J.M. Stoddart & Company, 1911. p. 938

External links

• Works by Arthur Young at Project Gutenberg
• Arthur Young, Tours in England and Wales, selected from the Annals of Agriculture at visionofbritain.org.uk
• Search the collection: The National Portrait Gallery has 5 portraits of Young