Aspidella

Aspidella is also a synonym for the mushroom genus Amanita.

Aspidella Temporal range: Ediacaran
Cyclomedusa specimens. Large Aspidella look essentially identical, but have either concentric rings or rays.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Incertae sedis
Genus:	Aspidella Billings, 1872
Species:	A. terranovica
Binomial name
Aspidella terranovica Billings, 1872
Synonyms
Possibly numerous, see text.

Aspidella is an Ediacaran disk-shaped fossil.

Morphology

Aspidella consists of disk-shaped fossils, with concentric rings and/or centripetal rays. The diameter of circular Aspidella varies from 1 to 180 mm. Most individuals are between 4 and 10 mm, but smaller animals would presumably have decayed before they could fossilize. Other Aspidella take the form of ellipses, 3-8 cm long and 1-4 cm wide. Most have a central pimple. The rim of all specimens is made up by ridge-edged rays and/or concentric rings.

Ecology

The rarity of large individuals probably indicates that Aspidella were r-strategists, producing numerous offspring of which most died young. It is most common in deep-water sediments, but is a constituent of most Ediacaran fossil assemblages, including those deposited above storm wave-base. The organisms can reach densities of 3000 m⁻².

Affinity

Just like Ediacaria (see also below), Aspidella has initially been considered a scyphozoan jellyfish. This initial designation has been refuted; some specimens have been shown to be the holdfast of some organism, the main body of which extended into the open water but broke off before fossilization (a few specimens bearing stubs of stalks opposed to the central pimple support this); whereas others represent microbial colonies.

Peterson, et al. have proposed that Aspidella (and the similar Charnia and Charniodiscus) were analogous to fungi.

Taphonomy

The upper and lower surfaces of the fossils have a distinct elemental composition that resembles that of fossilized biofilms. The sediment within the fossils also has a distinct composition, being enriched in certain elements with respect to the rock matrix. Since it is difficult to account for such a distribution of elements by post-mortem diagenetic processes, it would appear that the elements (and thus the sediment) were incorporated into the organism whilst it was alive.

History of research

Aspidella terranovica was first discovered in 1868 by Scottish geologist Alexander Murray. In 1872, Elkanah Billings described Aspidella terranovica fossils from Duckworth Street, St. John's, Newfoundland. They are in a Precambrian outcrop of black shale. Billings was the head paleontologist with the Geological Survey of Canada at the time. Even so, his findings were disputed by Charles Doolittle Walcott, who claimed that the shapes in the rocks were concretions formed inorganically. Other explanations offered at the time were that the circles were gas escape bubbles, or fakes planted by God to lure those with little faith into error. They were the first Ediacaran (Vendian) fossils described by a scientist.

For decades, Aspidella and its partner fossils were not considered to be Precambrian life forms. This lasted until the work of Reg Sprigg, who discovered the Ediacara Hills fossils. Fossils were found in many other parts of the world in rocks of about the same age and became accepted as genuine remains of life forms.

Systematics and taxonomy

Aspidella is derived from the Latin diminutive of Ancient Greek aspis (Ασπις, a round shield), and terranovica is Latin for "from the new land" (i.e. Newfoundland).

Different morphological forms have been called Ediacaria or Spriggia. However, the differences between the small elliptical "typical" Aspidella, the flat, ringed Spriggia wadea and the large, pimpled, and rayed Ediacaria seem to be due to different taphonomic conditions. For example, Spriggia and Ediacaria appear to be remains of the same animals, only that the former was fossilized in more compact, fine-grained clay, whereas the latter is known from rocks that originally were predominantly sandy sediment.

Numerous other taxa may also be junior synonyms of Aspidella:

• Beltanella
• Cyclomedusa
• Glaessneria
• Irridinitus
• Jampolium
• Madigania
• Medusinites
• Paliella
• Paramedusium
• Planomedusites
• Protodipleurosoma
• Tateana
• Tirasiana
• Vendella

Due to its nondescript nature, Aspidella might be considered a form taxon, an artificial assemblage of similar-looking and similar-living organisms without a phylogenetic relationship. In this case, some presumed synonyms (such as Ediacaria or Cyclomedusa) would remain valid. The type specimens were of the ellipsoid type (they are lost, but a cast remains). Thus, if Aspidella in the loose sense turns out to be an assemblage of more or less related taxa, the genus name would apply only to the smallish ellipsoid specimens.

Occurrence

Other places where Aspidella specimens are found is the Bonavista Peninsula and Mistaken Point in Newfoundland, and the Twitya formation in British Columbia, and central North Carolina.

Aspidella fossils are found from 610 to 555 million years ago, with putative representatives dating to 770 million years ago.

See also

List of Ediacaran genera

References

• Gehling, James G.; Narbonne, Guy M. & Anderson, Michael M. (2000): The first named Ediacaran body fossil, "Aspidella terranovica". Palaeontology 43(3): 427-456. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2000.00134.x PDF fulltext
• Peterson, Kevin J., Ben Waggoner and James W. Hagadorn. (2003): "A Fungal Analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran Fossils?" Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43:127–136. Found at [1] - Retrieved July 19, 2007.