Battle of Leghorn

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The naval Battle of Leghorn [lower-alpha 1] took place on 4 March 1653 (14 March Gregorian calendar), [lower-alpha 2] during the First Anglo-Dutch War, near Leghorn (Livorno), Italy. It was a victory of a Dutch fleet under Commodore Johan van Galen over an English squadron under Captain Henry Appleton. Afterward an English fleet under Captain Richard Badiley, which Appleton had been trying to reach, came up but was outnumbered and fled.

In 1652 the government of the Commonwealth of England, mistakenly believing that the Dutch had been defeated at the Battle of the Kentish Knock, split their fleet between the Mediterranean and home waters. This division of forces led to a defeat at the Battle of Dungeness in December 1652, and by early 1653 the situation in the Mediterranean was critical too. Appleton's squadron of six ships was trapped in Leghorn by a blockading Dutch fleet of 16 ships, while Richard Badiley's of eight was at Elba.

The only hope for the English was to combine their forces, but Appleton sailed too soon and engaged with the Dutch before Badiley could come up to help. Three of his ships were captured and two destroyed and only Mary, sailing faster than the Dutch ships, escaped to join Badiley. Badiley engaged the Dutch, but was heavily outnumbered and retreated.

The battle gave the Dutch command of the Mediterranean, placing the English trade with the Levant at their mercy, but Van Galen was mortally wounded, dying on 13 March.

One of the Dutch captains at the battle was son of Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp, Cornelis Tromp, who was to become a famous admiral himself.

Ships involved

Netherlands (Johan van Galen)

The Battle of Leghorn, 1653 by Reinier Nooms.
  • Vereenigde Provincien/Zeven Provincien (United Provinces/Seven Provinces) 40 (flag)
  • Eendracht (Concord) 40 (Jacob de Boer)
  • Maan (Moon) 40 (Cornelis Tromp)
  • Ter Goes 40
  • Zon (Sun) 40
  • Zutphen 36
  • Maagd van Enkhuysen (Maiden of Enkhuysen) 34
  • Jonge Prins (Young Prince) 28
  • Julius Caesar 28 (hired merchantman)
  • Witte Olifant (White Elephant) 28 (hired Italian merchantman Elefante Bianco; captain Sijbrant Janszoon Mol)
  • Madonna della Vigna 28 (hired merchantman) - Ran aground north of Livorno harbor
  • Susanna 28 (hired merchantman)
  • Zwarte Arend (Black Eagle) 28
  • Salomons Oordeel (Judgment of Soloman) 28 (hired merchantman)
  • Roode Haes (Red Hare) 28 (hired merchantman)
  • Ster (Star) 28 (hired merchantman)

England

Henry Appleton's squadron

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2

The fireship is listed as Charity in Mariner's Mirror vol. 49, but according to Mariner's Mirror vol. 24 that ship was expended during an action off Plymouth on 27 August 1652.

Notes

  1. the Dutch call the encounter by the Italian name Livorno
  2. During this period in English history dates of events are usually recoded in the Julian calendar, while those the Netherlands are recorded in the Gregorian calendar. In this article dates are in the Julian calendar with the start of the year adjusted to 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates).

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References

  • Mariner's Mirror volume 24 (1938)
  • Mariner's Mirror volume 49 (1963)