Belvoir Fortress

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This article is about the Crusader castle in Israel. For the castle in England, see Belvoir Castle.
Belvoir Fortress
Location  Israel
Site notes
Condition Ruin
The remains of Belvoir Castle. Note the two circuits of defensive wall, one inside the other (Concentric castle).

Belvoir Fortress (Hebrew: כוכב הירדן‎, Kochav HaYarden "Star of the Jordan") is a Crusader fortress in northern Israel, on a hill 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the Sea of Galilee. Gilbert of Assailly, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, began construction of the castle in 1168. The restored fortress is located in Belvoir National Park. It is the best-preserved Crusader fortress in Israel.[1]

History

Belvoir from southwest

The Knights Hospitaller purchased the site from Velos, a French nobleman, in 1168. Standing 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the Jordan River Valley, the plateau commanded the route from Gilead into the Kingdom of Jerusalem and a nearby river crossing.[2] To the north is the Sea of Galilee and west are hills. The site of Belvoir Castle dominated the surrounding area, and in the words of Abu Shama the castle is; "set admidst the stars like an eagle's nest and abode of the moon".[3]

As soon as the Knights Hospitaller purchased the land they began construction of Belvoir Castle. While Gilbert of Assailly was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller the order gained around thirteen new castles, among which Belvoir was the most important.[4] The fortress of Belvoir served as a major obstacle to the Muslim goal of invading the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem from the east. It withstood an attack by Muslim forces in 1180. During the campaign of 1182, the Battle of Belvoir Castle was fought nearby between King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Saladin.

Following Saladin's victory over the Crusaders at the battle of the Horns of Hattin, Belvoir was besieged. The siege lasted a year and a half, until the defenders surrendered on 5 January 1189. An Arab governor occupied it until 1219 when the Ayyubid ruler in Damnascus had slghted. In 1241 Belvoir was ceded to the Franks, who controlled it until 1263. In modern times it became an Arab village, Kawkab al-Hawa, whose inhabitants fled during the 1947-48 civil war after a military assault by Yishuv forces. The Arab buildings on the site were demolished by the Israeli authorities between 1963 and 1968.[5] Commenting on the renovation of the Crusader remains, Meron Benvenisti considers this removal of intervening Arab structures at the Belvoir site as one of the best examples of 'the eradication of all traces of an entire civilisation from the landscape' in Israel.[6]

'The Hebrew name, Kochav Hayarden, meaning Star of the Jordan, preserves the name of Kochava – a Jewish village which existed nearby during the Roman and Byzantine periods.[citation needed]

Architecture

File:Belvoir plan 0.PNG
Plan of Belvoir Castle

After the end of the Second World War, the study of Crusader castles experienced a lull. Syria, for instance, declared independence in 1946 and had little money to spare for archaeology. In Israel, the study of Crusader castles developed under Joshua Prawer. Its most significant discovery was made at Belvoir. Between 1963 and 1968 the Israel Department of Antiquities carried out excavations at the castle. Before the investigations, it had been assumed that Belvoir was a simple castle, with just a single enclosure. Excavations in the 1960s demonstrated the complex nature of early military architecture in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[7] Belvoir's design bore similarities to that of a Roman castra: the inner enclosure was rectangular with towers at the corners, and large gatehouse in the middle of one wall, in this case the west.[8]

Belvoir is an early example of the concentric castle plan, which was widely used in later crusader castles. The castle was highly symmetric, with a rectangular outer wall, reinforced with square towers at the corners and on each side, surrounding a square inner enclosure with four corner towers and one on the west wall. According to historian H. J. A. Sire, the principle of concentric design used at Belvoir "was to influence castle design for the next several centuries."[4] Vaults on the inner side of both walls provided storage and protection during bombardments. The castle was surrounded by a moat 20 metres (66 ft) wide and 12 metres (39 ft) deep.[1]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 National Parks Authority of Israel
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Kennedy 1994, p. 59
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sire 1994, p. 17
  5. ↑ Colum Hourihane (ed.),The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press,Vol. 2, 2012 p.298
  6. ↑ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948,University of California Press, 2002 p.303.
  7. ↑ Kennedy 1994, p. 8
  8. ↑ Platt 1982, p. 46
Bibliography
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External links

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