Bi-twin chain

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In number theory, a bi-twin chain of length k + 1 is a sequence of natural numbers

 n-1,n+1,2n-1,2n+1, \dots, 2^k n - 1, 2^k n + 1 \,

in which every number is prime.[1]

The numbers n-1, 2n-1, \dots, 2^kn - 1 form a Cunningham chain of the first kind of length k + 1, while n+1, 2n + 1, \dots, 2^kn + 1 forms a Cunningham chain of the second kind. Each of the pairs 2^in - 1, 2^in+ 1 is a pair of twin primes. Each of the primes 2^in - 1 for 0 \le i \le k - 1 is a Sophie Germain prime and each of the primes 2^in - 1 for 1 \le i \le k is a safe prime.

Largest known bi-twin chains

Largest known bi-twin chains of length k + 1 (as of 22 January 2014[2])
k n Digits Year Discoverer
0 3756801695685×2666669 200700 2011 Timothy D. Winslow, PrimeGrid
1 7317540034×5011# 2155 2012 Dirk Augustin
2 1329861957×937#×23 399 2006 Dirk Augustin
3 223818083×409#×26 177 2006 Dirk Augustin
4 657713606161972650207961798852923689759436009073516446064261314615375779503143112×149# 138 2014 Primecoin (block 479357)
5 386727562407905441323542867468313504832835283009085268004408453725770596763660073×61#×245 118 2014 Primecoin (block 476538)
6 227339007428723056795583×13#×2 29 2004 Torbjörn Alm & Jens Kruse Andersen
7 10739718035045524715×13# 24 2008 Jaroslaw Wroblewski
8 1873321386459914635×13#×2 24 2008 Jaroslaw Wroblewski

q# denotes the primorial 2×3×5×7×...×q.

As of 2014, the longest known bi-twin chain is of length 8.

Relation with other properties

Related chains

Related properties of primes/pairs of primes

Notes and references

  1. Eric W. Weisstein, CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, CRC Press, 2010, page 249.
  2. Henri Lifchitz, BiTwin records. Retrieved on 2014-01-22.