Bishapur
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File:Bishapur (Iran) Sassanid Period).JPG
The ruins of Bishapur
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Alternate name | Bishâpûr |
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Location | Kazerun, Fars Province, Iran |
Coordinates | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. |
Type | Settlement |
History | |
Builder | Shapur I |
Founded | 226 |
Bishapur (Middle Persian: Bay-Šāpūr; Persian: بیشاپور, Bishâpûr) was an ancient city in Iran on the ancient road between Persis and Elam. The road linked the Sassanid capitals Estakhr (very close to Persepolis) and Ctesiphon. It is located south of modern Faliyan in the Kazerun County of Pars Province, Iran.
Bishapur was built near a river crossing and at the same site there is also a fort with rock-cut reservoirs and a river valley with six Sassanid rock reliefs.
History
The name Bishapur derives from Bay-Šāpūr, which means Lord Shapur.[1]
According to an inscription, the city itself was founded in 266 by Shapur I (241-272), who was the second Sassanid king and inflicted a triple defeat on the Romans, having killed Gordian III, captured Valerian and forced Philip the Arab to surrender. In his native province of Fars, he built a new capital that would measure up to his ambitions: Bishapur, Shapur's City. Outside the city, Shapur decorated the sides of the Bishapur River gorge with huge historical reliefs commemorating his triple triumph over Rome. One of these reliefs, in a semicircular shape, has rows of registers with files of soldiers and horses, in a deliberate imitation of the narrative scenes on the Trajan column in Rome. At Bishapur the king also inaugurated the Sassanid imagery of the king's investiture, which would be copied by his successors: the king and the god are face to face, often on horseback, and the god - usually Ahura Mazda - is holding the royal diadem out to the sovereign.
The city, as the remarkable dam bridge in Shushtar, was built by Roman soldiers who had been captured after Valerian's defeat in 260. However, it was not a completely new settlement: archaeologists have found remains from the Parthian and Elamite ages.
The city remained important until the Arabian invasions and the rise of Islam in the second quarter of the 7th century. There were still people living there in the 10th century.
Sumptuous decoration
The main part of the excavations took place in the royal sector, in the east of the city. A fire altar, sometimes interpreted as a shrine to Anahita, was erected near the palace. In the center there is a cross-shaped space with eight large square exedrae decorated with 64 alcoves. The French excavators believed it had been covered with a dome roof, but this reconstruction has been rejected. To the west lies a courtyard decorated with mosaics; to the east, a square iwan used as a reception room. Its walls must have been covered with small stucco ornaments: rows of medallions, bands of foliage, and topped with merlons inherited from Achaemenid architecture. All these decorative techniques were still used after the Islamic conquest of Iran. The floor was paved with black marble slabs, with a mosaic border. Along the walls runs a narrow band featuring a series of heads and masks, in a frontal or profile view, on a white background. At the top of each alcove there was a picture of women naked under their transparent veils: courtesans, musicians, dancers, women twisting garlands, together with a few richly attired noble ladies.
See also
- Roman art
- Byzantine art
- Academy of Gundishapur
- Kazerun
- Fars
- Roman architecture
- Sassanid dynasty
- Shapur cave
Gallery
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Mosaic excavated at Bishapur. Some mosaics were denuded during the Islamic period. This one is kept at The National Museum of Iran.
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The rock relief of Shapur I, after victory in Battle of Misiche.
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bishapur. |
- Articles with Persian-language external links
- Pages with broken file links
- Articles containing Persian-language text
- Commons category link is defined as the pagename
- Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century
- Iranian architecture
- Roman Empire art
- Ancient Roman architecture
- Sasanian cities
- Buildings and structures in Fars Province
- Former populated places in Iran
- Kazerun County
- Geography of Fars Province
- Visitor attractions in Fars Province