Blue spruce

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Blue spruce
Picea pungens
Picea pungens tree.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Pinophyta
Class:
Pinopsida
Order:
Pinales
Family:
Pinaceae
Genus:
Picea
Species:
P. pungens
Binomial name
Picea pungens
File:Picea pungens range map.png

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The blue spruce, green spruce,[2] white spruce,[3] Colorado spruce or Colorado blue spruce, with the scientific name Picea pungens, is a species of spruce tree. It is native to the Rocky Mountains of the United States. Its natural range extends from Colorado to Wyoming but it has been widely introduced elsewhere and is used as an ornamental tree in many places far beyond its native range.

Description

In the wild, Picea pungens grows to about 23 m (75 ft), but when planted in parks and gardens it seldom exceeds 15 m (49 ft) tall by 5 m (16 ft) wide. It is a columnar or conical evergreen conifer with densely growing horizontal branches. It has scaly grey bark on the trunk with yellowish-brown branches.

Waxy grey-green leaves, up to 3 cm (1 in) long, are arranged radially on the shoots which curve upwards. The pale brown cones are up to 10 cm (4 in) long.[4][5][6][7]

The specific epithet pungens means "sharply pointed", referring to the leaves.[8]

The blue spruce is the State Tree of Colorado.[9]

Cultivation

Picea pungens and its many cultivars are often grown as ornamental trees in gardens and parks.[5][6][10] It is also grown for the Christmas tree industry.[5]

File:2015-05-18 13 01 32 Blue Spruce new growth along Terrace Boulevard in Ewing, New Jersey.jpg
'Mission Blue' blue spruce new growth in spring

Pests and diseases

The blue spruce is attacked by two species of Adelges, an aphid-like insect that causes galls to form. Nymphs of the pineapple gall adelgid form galls at the base of twigs which resemble miniature pineapples and those of the Cooley's spruce gall adelgid cause cone-shaped galls at the tips of branches. The larva of the spruce budworm eat the buds and growing shoots while the spruce needle miner hollows out the needles and makes them coalesce in a webbed mass. An elongated white scale insect, the pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae), feeds on the needles causing fluffy white patches on the twigs and aphids also suck sap from the needles and may cause them to fall and possibly dieback. Mites can also infest the blue spruce, especially in a dry summer, causing yellowing of the oldest needles.[11][12] Another insect pest is the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) which bores under the bark. It often first attacks trees which have blown over by the wind and when the larvae mature two years afterwards, a major outbreak occurs and vast numbers of beetles attack nearby standing trees.[13]

The blue spruce is susceptible to several needle casting diseases which cause the needles to turn yellow, mottled or brown before they fall off. Various rust diseases also affect the tree causing yellowing of the needles as well as needle fall. Canker caused by Cytospora attacks one of the lower branches first and progressively makes its way higher up the tree. The first symptom is the needles turning reddish-brown and falling off. Meanwhile, patches of white resin appear on the bark and the branch eventually dies.[11]

Cultivars

File:Picea pungens 'Glauca globosa' in Autumn.JPG
Foliage of the cultivar 'Glauca globosa'

Common cultivars (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):-

  • 'Glauca Globosa'agm[14] - shrub from 3–5 feet (0.91–1.52 m) in height[15]
  • 'Fat Albert' - compact perfect cone to 10 feet (3.0 m) of a silver blue color[16]
  • 'Glauca Jean's Dilly' - shrub from 3–6 feet (0.91–1.83 m) in height[17]
  • 'Glauca Pendula' - drooping branches, spreads to about 8 feet (2.4 m) wide by 4 feet (1.2 m) tall[18]
  • 'Hoopsii' agm[19]
  • 'Koster'[20]
  • 'Baby Blue Eyes'[21][22]
  • 'Baby Blue' [23]

Uses

The Navajo and Keres Native Americans used this tree as a traditional medicinal plant and a ceremonial item, and twigs are given as gifts to bring good fortune. In traditional medicine, an infusion of the needles is used to treat colds and settle the stomach. This liquid is also used externally for rheumatic pains.[24]

Gallery

  • Mature cone

  • Immature cone

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 USDA Accessed 2012-12-01
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Conifers.org . accessed 1.12.2012
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Missouri Botanical Garden: Picea pungens 'Glauca Globosa'
  16. ↑ Missouri Botanical Garden: Picea pungens Fat Albert
  17. ↑ Missouri Botanical Garden: Picea pungens 'Glauca Jean's Dilly'
  18. ↑ Fine Gardening Plant Guide: Picea pungens ‘Glauca Pendula'
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ U. Michigan-Dearborn: Ethnobotany Accessed 2012-12-01

External links

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