Business agility

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Business agility is the "ability of a business system to rapidly respond to change[1] by adapting its initial stable configuration".[2] Business agility can be maintained by maintaining and adapting goods and services to meet customer demands, adjusting to the changes in a business environment and taking advantage of human resources.[3]

In a business context, agility is the ability of an organization to rapidly adapt to market and environmental changes in productive and cost-effective ways. The agile enterprise is an extension of this concept, referring to an organization that utilizes key principles of complex adaptive systems and complexity science to achieve success.[4] One can say that business agility is the outcome of organizational intelligence.

Overview

The agile enterprise strives to make change a routine part of organizational life to reduce or eliminate the organizational trauma that paralyzes many businesses attempting to adapt to new markets and environments.[5] Because change is perpetual, the agile enterprise is able to nimbly adjust to and take advantage of emerging opportunities. The agile enterprise views itself as an integral component of a larger system whose activities produce a ripple effect of change both within the enterprise itself and the broader system.[6]

Enterprise architecture as a discipline supports business agility through a wealth of techniques, including layering, separation of concerns, architecture frameworks, and the separation of dynamic and stable components. The Model of Hierarchical Complexity (MHC)—a framework for scoring the complexity of behavior developed by Michael Commons and others since the 1980s—has been adapted to describe the stages of complexity in enterprise architecture.[7]

One type of enterprise architecture that supports agility is a non-hierarchical organization without a single point of control.[8] Individuals function autonomously, constantly interacting with each other to define the vision and aims, maintain a common understanding of requirements and monitor the work that needs to be done. Roles and responsibilities are not predetermined but rather emerge from individuals' self-organizing activities and are constantly in flux. Similarly, projects are generated everywhere in the enterprise, sometimes even from outside affiliates. Key decisions are made collaboratively, on the spot, and on the fly. Because of this, knowledge, power, and intelligence are spread through the enterprise, making it uniquely capable of quickly recovering and adapting to the loss of any key enterprise component.

In business, projects can be complex with uncertain outcomes and goals that can change over time. Traditionally these issues were dealt with by planning experts that would attempt to pre-determine every possible detail prior to implementation; however, in many situations, even the most carefully thought out projects will be impossibly difficult to manage. Agile techniques, originating from the software development community, represent an alternative approach to the classic prescriptive planning approaches to management. The main focus of agile methods is to address the issues of complexity, uncertainty, and dynamic goals, by making planning and execution work in parallel rather than in sequence to eliminate unnecessary planning activity, and the resulting unnecessary work.

Agile methods integrate planning with execution allowing an organization to "search" for an optimal ordering of work tasks and to adjust to changing requirements. The major causes of chaos on a project include incomplete understanding of project components, incomplete understanding of component interactions and changing requirements. Sometimes requirements change as a greater understanding of the project components unfolds over time. Requirements also change due to changing needs and wants of the stakeholders. The agile approach allows a team or organization of collective trust, competence and motivation to implement successful projects quickly by only focusing on a small set of details in any change iteration. This is in contrast to non-agile in which all the details necessary for completion are generally taken to be foreseeable and have equal priority inside of one large iteration.

History

A concept of "agility" as an attribute of business organizations arose in response to the requirements of the modern business to operate in predictable ways even in the face of extreme complexity. In particular, software development organizations have developed a specific set of techniques known as Agile Methods to address the problems of changing requirements, uncertain outcomes due to technological complexity, and uncertain system dynamics due to overall system complexity. Some of the ideas that have shaped thinking in the agile community arose from the studies of Complexity science and the notion of complex adaptive systems (CAS).

As with complex adaptive systems, the outcomes or products of agile organizations such as software teams are inherently unpredictable yet will eventually form an identifiable pattern. Despite their unpredictability, agile enterprises are thought to be best positioned to take advantage of hypercompetitive external environments.

Agile enterprises exist in corporate (e.g. W. L. Gore & Associates and Oticon), non-profit (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), community (e.g., Wikipedia, the Burning Man festival) and even terrorist (e.g. Al Qaeda) environments.

Key topics in agile enterprise studies

Comparing agile enterprises to complex systems[9]

Interactions, self-organizing, co-evolution, and the edge of chaos are concepts borrowed from complexity science that can help define some of the processes that take place within an agile enterprise.

Interactions are exchanges among individuals etc. holding a common vision and possessing the necessary resources, behaviors, competence and experience in aggregate. They are an important driving force for agile enterprises, because new ideas, products, services, and solutions emerge from the multiple exchanges happening over time. The interactions themselves, rather than individuals or the external environment, are significant drivers of innovation and change in an agile enterprise.

Self-organizing describes the spontaneous, unchoreographed, feedback-driven exchanges that are often found within agile enterprises. Vital initiatives within the agile enterprise are not always managed by one single person—rather all parties involved collectively make decisions without guidance or management from an outside source. The creativity and innovation that arises from this self-organizing process gives the agile enterprise an edge in developing (and redeveloping) products, services, and solutions for a hypercompetitive marketplace.

Co-evolution is a key process through which the enterprise learns from experience and adapts. The agile enterprise is constantly evolving in concert with (and in reaction to) external environmental factors. Products and services are in a constant state of change, because, once launched, they encounter competitors' products, regulators, suppliers, and customer responses that force adaptations. In one sense, nothing is ever completely "finished", although this does not mean that nothing is ever made, produced, or launched.

The edge of chaos is a borderline region that lies between complete anarchy or randomness and a state of punctuated equilibrium. The agile enterprise ideally operates in this region, needing the tension between constant change and the constraints that weaken change efforts to keep the organization perturbed enough for innovation and success. In other words, the edge of chaos is the space in which self-organizing and co-evolution flourish.

Agile enterprise versus bureaucracy

There are several key distinctions between the agile enterprise and the traditional bureaucratic organization.

The most notable is the agile enterprise's use of fluid role definitions that allow for dynamic decision making structures. Unlike the rigid hierarchies characterizing traditional bureaucracies, organizational structures within agile enterprises are more likely to fluidly adapt to changing business conditions into structures that support the current direction and any emergent competitive advantage.[10]

Similarly, agile enterprises do not adhere to the concept of sustained competitive advantage that typifies the bureaucratic organization. Operating in hypercompetitive, continuously changing markets, agile enterprises pursue a series of temporary competitive advantages—capitalizing for a time on the strength of an idea, product, or service then readily discarding it when no longer tenable.[11]

Lastly, the agile enterprise is populated with individuals pursuing serial incompetence[12]—they work hard to obtain a certain level of proficiency in one area but are driven to move on to the next "new" area to develop expertise. There are no "subject-matter experts" specializing for years in one topical area, as found typically in a traditional bureaucracy.

Operating at the edge of chaos

Although agile enterprises by definition include numerous, constantly co-evolving and moving parts, they do require some structure.

The enterprise must develop specific structures (also called system constraints) to serve as a counterbalance to randomness and anarchy, keeping the enterprise optimally functioning on the edge of chaos. These structures—including a shared purpose or vision, resource management aids, reward systems, and shared operating platforms—often emerge from three key organizational processes: strategizing, organizing, and mobilizing.[13]

Strategizing is an experimental process for the agile enterprise, in which individuals repeatedly generate ideas (exploration), identify ways to capitalize on ideas (exploitation), nimbly respond to environmental feedback (adaptation), and move on to the next idea (exit).

Organizing is an ongoing activity to develop structures and communication methods that promote serial execution. It often includes defining a shared vision, as well as systems and platforms, that ground the enterprise.

Mobilizing involves managing resources, ensuring the fluid movement of people between projects, and finding ways to enhance internal and external interactions. Typically, enterprise values, personal accountability, and motivational and reward systems are a key output of this process.

Institutes, research centers, and journals

Institutes and research centers

  • Agile Business Management Consortium[14]
  • Complexity Science Research Center (UK)
  • The Complexity Society (UK)
  • Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence (ISCE) (US)
  • Santa Fe Institute (US)

Journals

  • E:CO (Emergence: Complexity and Organizations)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Wieland, A., Wallenburg, C.M., 2012. Dealing with supply chain risks: Linking risk management practices and strategies to performance. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 42(10).
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Dyer, L. and Ericksen, J. (2009). Complexity-based Agile Enterprises: Putting Self-Organizing Emergence to Work. In A. Wilkinson et al (eds.). The Sage Handbook of Human Resource Management. London: Sage: 436–457.
  5. ↑ Hamel, G. & Valikangas (2003). The Quest for Resilience. Harvard Business Review, September: 52–63.
  6. ↑ Holbrook, M. (2003). Adventures in Complexity. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 6: 1–181.
  7. ↑ Evernden, R. Mastering Complexity to Drive EA Productivity, Cutter Consortium Executive Report, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013
  8. ↑ Stacey, R., Griffin, D. & Shaw, P. (2000). Complexity and Management: Fad or Radical Challenge to Systems Thinking? London: Routledge.
  9. ↑ Cilliers, P. (2000). What Can We Learn From a Theory of Complexity? Emergence [now E:CO], 2: 23–33.
  10. ↑ Dyer, L. & Ericksen, J. (2007). Dynamic Organizations: Achieving Marketplace Agility Through Workforce Scalability. In J. Storey (ed.). Human Resource Management: A Critical Text (3rd edition). London: Thomson Learning: 263–280.
  11. ↑ Stacey, R. (2006). The Science of Complexity: An Alternative Perspective for Strategic Change Processes. In R. MacIntosh et al (eds.). Complexity and Organization: Readings and Concersations. London: Routledge: 74–100.
  12. ↑ Godin, S. (2000). In the Face of Change the Competent are Helpless. Fast Company, January–February: 230–234.
  13. ↑ Dyer & Ericksen (2007), op cit.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Axelrod, R. & Cohen, M. (1999). Harnessing Complexity. New York: The Free Press
  • Bennet, A. & Bennet, D. (2004). Organizational Survival in the New World: The Intelligent Complex Adaptive System. New York: Elsevier.
  • Hazy, J., Goldstein, J. & Lichtenstein, B. (eds.). Complex System Leadership Theory. Mansfield, MA: ISCE Publishing.
  • Kauffman, S. (1995). At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Leybourn, E. (2013). Directing the Agile Organisation: A Lean Approach to Business Management. London: IT Governance Publishing.
  • Moran, Alan. Managing Agile: Strategy, Implementation, Organisation and People. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. (ISBN 978-3-319-16262-1)
  • McMillan, E. (2004). Complexity, Organization and Change: An Essential Introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Pascale, R., Millemann, J. & Gioja, L. (2000). Surfing at the Edge of Chaos. New York: Crown-Business.
  • Richardson, K. (ed.) (2005). Managing Organizational Complexity: Philosophy, Theory, and Application. Greenwich, CT: Information Edge Press.
  • Stacey, R. Complexity and Creativity in Organizations. San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Alberts, David S.(2011). The Agility Advantage: A Survival Guide For Complex Enterprises and Endeavors
  • Ozaki, Adalton M., Eduardo PG de Vasconcellos, and Marie Bengtsson (2015) Agile Roadmapping: How Brazilian Software Companies Evolve Their Products. In: XXVI ISPIM Innovation Conference, Budapest.
  • Waldock, B (2015) Being Agile in Business, Smarter, Leaner, Faster ways of working , Pearson http://amzn.to/1Jfv8AK

External links

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