Chiasma (genetics)
A chiasma (plural: chiasmata), in genetics, is thought to be the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis (sister chromatids also form chiasmata between each other (also known as a chi structure), but because their genetic material is identical, it does not cause any change in the resulting daughter cells). The chiasmata become visible during the diplotene stage of prophase I of meiosis, but the actual "crossing-over" of genetic material is thought to occur during the previous pachytene stage. When each tetrad, which is composed of two pairs of sister chromatids, begins to split, the only points of contact are at the chiasmata.
- chiasma frequency = 2 x recombination frequency
where recombination frequency is:
- recombination frequency = (no. of recombinants x 100) / (total no. of progeny)
The phenomenon of genetic chiasmata (chiasmatypie) was discovered and described in 1909 by Frans Alfons Janssens, a Jesuit professor at the University of Leuven in Belgium. [1][2] "Bivalent" refers to the two homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids); "chiasma" refers to the actual break of the phosphodiester bond during crossing over. The larger the number of map units between the genes, the more crossing over occurs.
The grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrum was exposed to an acute dose of X-rays during each individual stage of meiosis, and chiasma frequency was measured.[3] Irradiation during the leptotene-zygotene stages of meiosis, that is, prior to the pachytene period in which crossover recombination occurs, was found to increase subsequent chiasma frequency. Similarly, in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus, exposure to X-irradiation during the zygotene-early pachytene stages caused a significant increase in mean cell chiasma frequency.[4] Chiasma frequency was scored at the later diplotene-diakinesis stages of meiosis. These results suggest that X-rays induce DNA damages, likely including double-strand breaks, and these damages are repaired by a crossover pathway leading to chiasma formation (see Chromosomal crossover).
See also
References
- ↑ Elof Axel Carlson, Mendel's Legacy: The Origin of Classical Genetics, CSHL Press, 2004, ISBN 0-87969-675-3, p.xvii
- ↑ In pursuit of the gene: from Darwin to DNA By James Schwartz Harvard University Press (2008), p. 182 ISBN 0-674-02670-5 Retrieved 19 March 2010.
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- Recombination and the formation of chiasmata in meiosis
- Whitby, M. (2009), "Recombination and the formation of chiasmata in meiosis", in Millar, J. (ed.), The Cell Division Cycle: Controlling when and where cells divide and differentiate, The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart Talks Ltd, London (online at http://hstalks.com/?t=BL0422198)
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