Chu (Ten Kingdoms)

Chu
楚
907–951
Capital		Changsha
Languages		Middle Chinese
Government		Monarchy
Prince/King
•	907-930	Ma Yin
•	950-951	Ma Xichong
Historical era		Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
•	Became the State	907 907
•	establishment of the Kingdom	927
•	Ended by Southern Tang	951 951
Currency		Silk, Coin (Iron)
Preceded by Succeeded by Tang Dynasty Southern Tang

Chǔ (楚), often referred to as Ma Chu (马楚) or Southern Chu (南楚) to distinguish it from other historical states called Chu, was a kingdom in southern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960). It existed from 907 to 951.

Founding

Ma Yin was named regional governor by the Tang court in 896 after fighting against a rebel named Yang Xingmi. He declared himself as the Prince of Chu with the fall of the Tang Dynasty in 907. Ma’s position as Prince of Chu was confirmed by the Later Tang in the north in 927 and was given the posthumous title of King Wumu of Chu.

Territorial extant

The capital of the Chu Kingdom was Changsha (Tanzhou). Present-day Hunan and northeastern Guangxi were under the control of the kingdom.

Economy

Chu was peaceful and prosperous under Ma Yin's rule, exporting horses, silk and tea. Silk and lead coinage were often used as currency, particularly with external communities which would not accept other coinage of the land. Taxation was low for the peasantry and merchants.

Fall of Chu

After Ma Yin died the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom. The Southern Tang, fresh from its conquest of the Min Kingdom, took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951. The ruling family was removed to the Southern Tang capital of Jinling. However, the following year, Chu generals rose against Southern Tang and expelled the Southern Tang expeditionary force, leaving the former Chu territory to be ruled by several of those generals in succession until 963, when the territory was seized by Song Dynasty. During these post-Chu years of de facto independence, the center of power was usually at Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern Changde, Hunan).

Rulers

Sovereigns in Chu Kingdom 907-951 (+ Rulers of Formerly Chu Lands 951-963)

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Did not exist	Wǔmù Wáng 武穆王	Mǎ Yīn|馬殷	907-930	Did not exist
Did not exist	None (commonly known as Prince of Hengyang (衡陽王, Héngyáng Wáng))	Mǎ Xīshēng|馬希聲	930-932	Did not exist
Did not exist	Wénzhāo Wáng 文昭王	Mǎ Xīfàn|馬希範	932-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	None (commonly known as Deposed Prince (廢王, Fèi Wáng))	Mǎ Xīguǎng|馬希廣	947-950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Gōngxìao Wáng 恭孝王	Mǎ Xī'è|馬希萼	950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Mǎ Xīchóng|馬希崇	950-951	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Líu Yán|劉言	951-953	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Wáng Kúi|王逵	953-956	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Zhōu Xíngféng|周行逢	956-962	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Zhōu Bǎoquán|周保權	962-963	Did not exist

Ma rulers family tree

Ma rulers family tree