Clan Mackenzie

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Clan Mackenzie
Mac Coinnich
File:Mackenzie crest.gif
Crest: A mount in flames Proper[1]
Motto Luceo non uro (I shine not burn)[1]
Slogan Tulach Àrd (The high hill or The high knoll or "The high hillock)
Profile
Region Highland
District Ross-shire
Plant badge variegated holly or
deer's grass
Chief
Earl of cromartie arms.svg
John Ruaridh Grant Mackenzie
5th Earl of Cromartie (Caber Feidh[2])
Seat Castle Leod[3]
Historic seat Eilean Donan Castle
Redcastle

Clan Mackenzie is a Highland Scottish clan, traditionally associated with Kintail and lands in Ross-shire.

History

Origins

Traditional origins

The surname Mackenzie in Scottish Gaelic is MacCoinneach which means son of the fair bright one.[4] The Mackenzies are believed to have the same ancestry as the Clan Matheson and Clan Anrias.[4] All three are said to be descended from Gilleoin of the Aird, a Celtic dynast who lived in the early 12th century,[4] and the chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie are said to have been settled at their great stronghold on Eilean Donan by 1297.[4]

All of the earliest traditional Clan Mackenzie histories claim descent from a Fitzgerald progenitor. These histories include those by John Mackenzie of Applecross (died c.1684/5), George Mackenzie first Earl of Cromarty (died 1714) and the unpublished Letterfearn, Ardintoul and Allangrange manuscripts.[5] It is believed that all of these histories ultimately derive from a single manuscript created by William MacQueen, Parson of Assynt in 1576, now lost.[6] Alexander Mackenzie[7] followed the Fitzgerald scheme for the first edition of his History of the Mackenzies in 1879, but abandoned it in his later 1894 edition based on the intervening publication of genealogies contained in MS 1467.[8] MS 1476 was compiled 200 years before the earliest surviving Mackenzie traditional history. The Mackenzie and Matheson genealogies in MS 1467, which end c.1400, both derive from a Gilleoin of the Aird, but make no mention of Fitzgerald. The genealogies in MS 1467 have been interpreted as in part a census of the military resources available to Domhnall lord of the Isles in a period when he was seeking to make good his wife's claims to the earldom of Ross, culminating in the battle of Harlaw in 1411.[9] Based on MS 1467 and a series of charters associated with Beauly Priory, it has been suggested that the Mackenzies and Mathesons were junior branches of the Del Ard family, heirs to Gilleoin of the Aird.[10] The senior line of this family, prominent in the 13th and 14th centuries, terminated in the heiress Margaret del Ard, the Lady of Erchless, who married Alexander Chisolm of Cromer c.1350.

In the 14th century during the Wars of Scottish Independence the Clan Mackenzie is said to have been among the clans who fought on the side of Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Inverurie (1308) against the forces of the Clan Comyn who were rivals to the throne.[11] Chief Iain Mac Coinnich is said to have led a force of five hundred Mackenzies at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 where the English were defeated.[11][12]

Later in the 14th century the Mackenzies are said to have become involved in battles against their powerful neighbour the Earl of Ross and his allies. This resulted in the capture and subsequent execution of chief Kenneth Mackenzie in 1346.[13] Soon after this it appears that his successor as chief of the clan Mackenzie was living in an island castle in Loch Kinellan near Strathpeffer in Easter Ross and it was from this base that the clan was to advance westward once again to Kintail.[13]

Recorded origins

File:Effigy of Sir Kenneth Mackenzie of Kintail, at Beauly Priory.jpg
The earliest likeness of a Mackenzie - the effigy of Kenneth Mackenzie, 7th of Kintail (d. 1491/ 1492) located at Beauly Priory.

An early genealogy of the Mackenzies appears in MS 1467, but the earliest contemporary record of a living Mackenzie is of Alexander Mackenzie of Kintail (Alexandro McKennye de Kintaill) who appeared in two supplications for papal dispensation in 1465 and 1466,[14] and was listed as a witness to a charter by John of Islay, Earl of Ross, and Lord of the Isles on 4 November 1471.[15] The earliest known likeness of a Mackenzie is that of Sir Kenneth Mackenzie (d. 7 February 1491/1492), whose effigy can be seen at Beauly Priory.[16] He is the first Mackenzie to be buried at Beauly Priory. There is no reliable evidence to support the traditional assertion that previous members of his family were buried at Iona.[17]

15th century and clan conflicts

In 1452 a force of tribes loyal to Mackenzie of Kintail took hostage a relative of the Earl of Ross. This resulted in the Battle of Bealach nam Broig which was fought to the north-west of Ben Wyvis.[18] The Clan Munro and their septs the Dingwalls rescued the Ross hostage but won a hollow victory, with a great loss of their own men.[18]

In 1488 the Clan Mackenzie fought at the Battle of Sauchieburn led by Hector Roy Mackenzie but after the defeat of the King's forces there, Hector narrowly escaped, returning to Ross-shire where he took Redcastle from the Clan Rose, for the rebels.[19]

In 1491 the Battle of Blar Na Pairce was fought between the Mackenzies and the MacDonalds.[20][21] This was followed by the Raid on Ross also in 1491 when the Clan Mackenzie clashed with a number of clans including the Clan MacDonald of Lochalsh, Clan MacDonald of Clanranald the Clan Cameron and the Chattan Confederation of Clan Mackintosh.[22]

In 1497 Alexander MacDonald of Lochalsh and his clan rebelled against the King. MacDonald invaded the fertile lands of Ross-shire where he was defeated in battle by the Mackenzies at the Battle of Drumchatt, after which he was driven out of Ross-shire.[23]

16th century and clan conflicts

During the Anglo-Scottish Wars John Mackenzie, 9th of Kintail led the clan at the Battle of Flodden in 1513.[24] John was lucky enough to escape but many of his followers lost their lives.[24] John Mackenzie also fought at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 where he was captured by the English.[24] However his clan paid a ransom of cows for his release.[24]

The growing importance of the Clan Mackenzie was vividly demonstrated in 1544 when the Earl of Huntly, the Lieutenant of the North, commanded chief John Mackenzie to raise his clan against Clan Ranald of Moidart.[25] The Mackenzie chief refused and Huntly's supporters, the Clan Grant, Clan Ross and Clan Mackintosh declined to attack the Mackenzies.[25] From that time the Mackenzies were recognised as a separate and superior force in the north-west.[25]

On 13 December 1545 at Dingwall, the Earl of Sutherland entered into a bond of manrent with John Mackenzie of Kintail for mutual defence against all enemies, reserving only their allegiance to the youthful Mary, Queen of Scots.[26] At the Battle of Langside in 1568 the Mackenzies fought on the side of Mary, Queen of Scots, against the forces of her half-brother James Stewart, Earl of Moray.[27] Their chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, 10th of Kintail died soon afterwards.

In 1570 a feud broke out with the Munros over the Castle Chanonry of Ross. Andrew Munro of Milntown defended it for 3 years against the Clan Mackenzie, at the expense of many lives on both sides. The feud was settled when the castle was handed over to the Mackenzies by an "Act of Pacification".[28] In 1597 the Battle of Logiebride took place between the Mackenzies and MacLeods of Rassay against the Munros and the Bain family of Tulloch Castle.[29][30]

17th century and Civil War

File:Detail of commemorative stone at Ceann Shìpoirt - geograph.org.uk - 935033.jpg
Commemorative stone to the Mackenzies of Seaforth on the Isle of Lewis. The Mackenzie chief's title of Earl of Seaforth took its name from Loch Seaforth between the Isles of Lewis and Harris

By the beginning of the 17th century the territory of the Mackenzies extended from the Black Isle in the east to the Outer Hebrides in the west.[4] They took over the Isle of Lewis from its former Clan MacLeod of Lewis rulers and also Loch Alsh from the MacDonells.[4] The Battle of Morar in 1602 was fought between the Clan Mackenzie and Clan MacDonell of Glengarry.[31]

In 1623, the clan chief Colin Mackenzie was made Earl of Seaforth, a title in the peerage of Scotland, taking his title from a sea loch on the island of Lewis.

In 1645, Lord Seaforth, fighting as a Covenanter, led a force against the royalist James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, at the Battle of Auldearn where the Covenanters were defeated.[32] Montrose followed up his success by destroying many houses that belonged to people who had opposed the royalist cause, including that of Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscardine.[32] Later in 1649 Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscardine adopted the royalist cause and led his own uprising in the Siege of Inverness (1649).[32][33]

In 1672 the Mackenzies were granted a commission of "fire and sword" against the MacLeods of Assynt who were a branch of the Clan MacLeod of Lewis and were seated at Ardvreck Castle, which was attacked and captured by the Mackenzies, who took control of the lands of Assynt.[3][34]

In 1688 Kenneth Mackenzie of Suddie was killed leading a government backed Independent Highland Company in support of the Clan Mackintosh against the Clan Cameron and the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch at the Battle of Mulroy.[35] During the Williamite War in Ireland the Clan Mackenzie (led by their chief Kenneth Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth) are believed to have supported King James at the Siege of Derry and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[4]

18th century and Jacobite Risings

During the Jacobite rising of 1715 chief William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth led the Clan Mackenzie in support of the Jacobite rebels. However during the Jacobite rising of 1745 the Clan Mackenzie was divided: The chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose, did not support the Jacobites and raised several Independent Highland Companies from the Clan Mackenzie to support the British Government. However during the 1745 rising a large part of the Clan Mackenzie followed the chief's cousin, George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie who was a Jacobite.

1715 to 1719 Jacobite Rising

In what is known as the Skirmish of Alness in 1715 the Earl of Seaforth, chief of Mackenzie led a force of 3000 men that forced the retreat of a smaller force loyal to the British Government, which was commanded by the Earl of Sutherland and included the clans Sutherland, Munro, Ross and Mackay. Much of the Ross's and Munro's lands were ravaged,[36] but they retaliated by raiding the Mackenzie lands in what is known as the Siege of Brahan.[37][38]

The Siege of Inverness (1715) came to an end when the town, which was being held by the Mackenzies was surrendered to Simon Fraser of Lovat. Soon after this Colonel Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet of Foulis marched into the town of Inverness with 400 Munros and took over control as governor from Fraser. Government troops arrived in Inverness towards the end of February, and for some months the process of disarming the rebels went on, helped by a Munro detachment under George Munro of Culcairn.[39]

The clan rivalries which had erupted in rebellion were finding an outlet in local politics. The Mackenzie's position as Earl of Seaforth came to an end in 1716, and it seems to have been arranged that while the Clan Ross held the county seat the Munros would represent the Tain Burghs. To secure the burghs, control of three out of the five was necessary. Ross ascendancy was secure in Tain, and from 1716 to 1745 the Munros controlled Dingwall.

The Clan Mackenzie fought at the Battle of Glen Shiel in 1719 where they were defeated by Government forces and the Mackenzie chief was wounded, afterwards retreating to the Western Isles and from there to the Continent.[40] In 1721 the Clan Mackenzie, led by Donald Murchison, defeated Government supporters from the Clan Ross at the Battle of Glen Affric.[41] This was followed by the Battle of Coille Bhan where again, led by Donald Murchison and also his relative Kenneth Murchison, the Clan Mackenzie defeated Government forces.[42]

1745 to 1746 Jacobite Rising

George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie led the Jacobite Mackenzies at the Battle of Falkirk (1746) where they were victorious in helping to defeat British Government forces.[4] The Mackenzies then went on to lay waste to the lands of the Munros who supported the government and burn down Foulis Castle. They also went on to lay waste to the lands of the Clan Sutherland and the Earl of Sutherland who also supported the government and captured Dunrobin Castle, although the Earl of Sutherland himself escaped through a back door.[43] However soon after this as the Earl of Cromartie and his forces were travelling south to meet Charles Edward Stuart they were attacked by the Mackay and Sutherland Independent Highland Companies who supported the British Government in what became known as the Battle of Littleferry and the Jacobite Mackenzies were prevented from joining the Jacobite army at the Battle of Culloden.[44] Soon after George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie and his son were captured at Dunrobin Castle. The Earl of Cromartie's titles were then forfeited.

Other Mackenzies took the side of the British Government: the chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose had in fact raised three Independent Highland Companies to support the British Government.[45] In one of the Independent Highland Companies under Captain Colin Mackenzie it is recorded at Shiramore in Badenoch in June 1746 and it included many of them from Kintail as well as more than sixty men from the Clan MacRae.[46]

War, France, and India

A number of famous regiments have been raised from the Mackenzie clan, including the Highland Light Infantry (raised in 1777), the Seaforth Highlanders (raised in 1778), and the second battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders, known as the Ross-shire Buffs (raised in 1793). All those regiments wore the MacKenzie tartan. Born in 1754, Chief Francis Mackenzie, 1st Baron Seaforth, the last Lord Seaforth raised a regiment for the British Army in 1778, the 72nd, and the clan produced another the 78th in 1793. Both had distinguished records fighting against Napoleon and were later amalgamated into the Queen's Own Highlanders.

The 78th Regiment, as it was first called, was raised in 1778 from men on the Seaforth and other Mackenzie estates. The Earl of Seaforth, having raised his men, sailed with them to India in 1781, but died there a few months later. During the Wars in India, Colin Mackenzie (1754–1821) was Surveyor General of India, and an art collector and orientalist. He produced many of the first accurate maps of India, and his research and collections contributed significantly to the field of Asian studies. In 1799, he was part of the British force at the Battle of Seringapatam. He also fought in the Napoleonic Wars.

Modern history

File:MacKenzie 001.jpg
Clan Mackenzie tent at the 2005 Bellingham Highland Games

Throughout the 19th century Clan Mackenzie was without a chief that was recognised by the Lord Lyon King of Arms.[47] In 1979, Roderick Grant Francis Blunt-Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Cromartie, legally changed his surname to Mackenzie and was widely recognised as Chief of the clan (for example by Clan Mackenzie Societies around the Commonwealth). Although not descended from a Mackenzie in the male line (his father was born a Blunt and later changed to Blunt-Mackenzie after marrying Sibell Lilian Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Countess of Cromartie) he inherited his titles and Mackenzie descent through his mother (even she only claims a Mackenzie descent as a great-great-great-great-granddaughter of George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie).[48][49] On his death in 1990 his son John Ruaridh Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie succeeded as chief of Clan Mackenzie.[50] The Earl of Cromartie still owns lands in clan country however, the largest remaining Mackenzie landowner by some margin is Mackenzie of Gairloch, with an estate which extends to over 50,000 acres (like the clan chief, Mackenzie of Gairloch has inherited his clan name and lands through the female line).[16][51] The current chief is a member of the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs.[47][52]

The current chief of Clan Mackenzie lives at Castle Leod, which is thought to date from the 16th century. The chief has leased the unoccupied old tower to the Clan Mackenzie Charitable Trust (CMCT) for 99 years.[53] In 1991 it was announced that the castle was planned to be restored. The restoration was to include a clan genealogical centre that would be open to the public.[54] During the 1990s there was extensive work done on the tower. In 2002 the Highland Buildings Preservation Trust (HBPT) was contacted, to carry out a feasibility study to investigate the potential for the re-use of the upper floor space of the tower, which deemed public funding to be sought to cover the costs of restoration. Because of concerns of physical and legal separation between the clan chief and the tower, the chief decided that the conditions of public funding were too onerous.[53]

File:Mackenzie (R. R. McIan).jpg
A romanticised Victorian-era illustration of a Clan Mackenzie clansmen by R. R. McIan from The Clans of the Scottish Highlands published in 1845.

Chief

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Chiefs of Clan Mackenzie

Clan chief: John Ruaridh Grant Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie (1861), Viscount Tarbat of Tarbat, Baron Castlehaven, Baron MacLeod of Castle Leod, Chief of Clan Mackenzie.[55] Chiefs of Clan Mackenzie are titled as Caberféidh (translation from Scottish Gaelic: "Deer's antlers"). This Gaelic title is derived from the crest of a stag's head in the old Mackenzie Coat of Arms.[16]

Castles

Castle owned by the Clan Mackenzie have included:

  • Eilean Donan Castle was long held by the Mackenzies of Kintail and it may have been given to them after they helped to defeat the Norsemen at the Battle of Largs in 1263.[3] William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth had the castle garrisoned with Spanish troops during the Jacobite rising of 1719, although the castle was battered into submission by three frigates, and it was then blown up from within with barrels of gunpowder.[3] The ghost of one of the Spanish soldiers who was killed is said to haunt the castle.[3] The castle was left very ruinous before being completely rebuilt in the twentieth century.[3]
  • Brahan Castle, about three miles south-west of Dingwall has now been completely demolished except for one wall.[3] It was held by the Mackenzies of Brahan who were patrons of the Brahan Seer.[3]
  • Castle Leod which is a few miles west of Dingwall is an L-plan tower house that dates from the seventeenth century with later additions.[3] The current Castle Leod was built by Sir Roderick Mackenzie of Coigach in about 1610.[3] His descendant was George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie who was forfeited for his part in the Jacobite rising of 1745 after being captured at Dunrobin Castle.[3]
  • Ardvreck Castle was built by the MacLeods of Assynt but it later passed to the Mackenzies who sacked the castle in 1672.[3]
  • Kilcoy Castle near Muir of Ord, Ross and Cromarty, is a Z-plan tower house that was held from 1618 by Alexander Mackenzie, son of the eleventh baron of Kintail, chief of the clan.[3] It was once ruinous but has now been restored and is still occupied.[3]
  • Redcastle near Muir of Ord, near Ross and Cromarty, is a ruined L-plan tower house that was held by the Mackenzies from 1570 to 1790.[3] It was burned in 1649 and later passed to the Ballies of Dochfour.[3] The castle is now a shell.[3]

Tartan

File:Mackenzie dress tartan.jpg
The Mackenzie dress tartan is a modern tartan.
The Mackenzie tartan, otherwise known as the regimental tartan of the Seaforth Highlanders.

Tartans associated with the name Mackenzie include :

  • Mackenzie.[1]
    The tartan is the regimental tartan of the Seaforth Highlanders, which was raised in 1778 by the Earl of Seaforth. The tartan is recorded in the Collection of the Highland Society of London in 1816.[56][57] The tartan is worn by members of the Royal Military College of Canada Pipes and Drums band.
  • Mackenzie dress.[1]
  • Mackenzie hunting.[1]
  • Mackenzie Millennium, also known as Mackenzie 78th Highlanders.[1]
    This tartan, according to the Clan Mackenzie Society of Scotland and the UK website, was recently "discovered" and recreated for the "Millennium Gathering". The society currently sells this tartan.[56]

Origin of the name

The surname Mackenzie is of Scottish origin and derived from Gaelic. The name is an Anglicised form of the Gaelic Mac Coinnich, which is a patronymic form of the personal name Coinneach meaning "comely" or "handsome".[58][59] Today personal name Coinneach is generally Anglicised as Kenneth however Kenneth was originally used as an Anglicisation of different Gaelic personal name – Cionaodh.[59]

The Anglicised Mackenzie had originally been pronounced "Mackaingye" – with a modern English Y sound represented with the letter yogh ȝ.[16] In the 18th century it became popular to write and pronounce the name with what is the equivalent of a modern English Z sound, because of the similarity of the letter yogh and letter Z.[16] There are Lowland Scots words and Scottish names that have been affected in a similar way (example: the surname Menzies).[60]

In fiction

Fictional Mackenzies appear on the book Outlander series by Diana Gabaldon.

The Seat of the Clan Mackenzie, Castle Leod is widely considered to be the inspiration behind Castle Leoch, the home of the Clan Mackenzie, in Diana Gabaldon's 'Outlander' Series. It was considered as a filming location for the TV series, however, Doune Castle was selected due to its ease of location. This may be surprising to viewers who know Castle Leod as the seat of the Clan Mackenzie and accurately represents the historical period which Diana Gabaldon seeks to portray.

Diana Gabaldon told STV that "When the TV show began scouting locations, I suggested Leod as a possibility. It's entirely accurate as to period, of course, and has magnificent grounds, with a park of enormous, exotic trees planted by centuries of MacKenzies and their visitors. (Diana herself planted a "very modest" rowan, as her "own wee contribution" to the history).[61]

See also

Notes and footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Fairrie, Angus. (1998). Queen's Own Highlanders, Seaforth and Camerons. pp. 2. ISBN 0-9508986-2-7.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Coventry, Martin. (2008). Castles of the Clans: The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans. pp. 377 - 380. ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 226 - 227.
  5. ↑ MacCoinnich, A. (2003) Kingis rabellis" to Cuidich 'n' Righ; the emergence of Clann Choinnich, c. 1475-1508. In: Boardman, S. and Ross, A. (eds) The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, 1200-1500. Four Courts Press, Dublin, pp. 175-200.
  6. ↑ Munro, Jean. (1999). West Highland Notes and Queries. Series 2, no 19, pp 12 - 17.
  7. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1879). History of the Mackenzies.
  8. ↑ Skene, W. F. (1886 - 90). Celtic Scotland: A history of Ancient Albyn. 3 vols, 2nd edition, Edinburgh.
  9. ↑ Martin MacGregor. (2000). Genealogies of the clans: contributions to the study of MS 1467. The Innes Review, vol 51, no 2, pp. 131 - 146.
  10. ↑ Sellar, David. (1981). Highland Family Origins - Pedigree Making and Pedigree Faking, in The Middle Ages in the Highlands. Inverness Field Club. pp. 103 - 116.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mackenzie, Alan. (2006) History of the Mackenzies Chapter 2. pp. 17. electricscotland.com. Retrieved 7, June 2013.
  12. ↑ General History of the Highlands of Scotland - Disturbances in Moray and Caithness to 1266 electricscotland.com. Retrieved 17, February 2013.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mackenzie, Alan. (2006) History of the Mackenzies Chapter 3. pp. 37. electricscotland.com. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  14. ↑ MacCoinnich, A. (2003) "Kingis rabellis" to Cuidich 'n' Righ; the emergence of Clann Choinnich, c. 1475-1508. In: Boardman, S. and Ross, A. (eds) The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, 1200-1500. Four Courts Press, Dublin, pp.175-200
  15. ↑ McKenzie, Alan. History of the Mackenzies, p. 11. (link to chapter 2). A transcription of the charter that lists "Alexandro McKennye de Kintaill" can be found in Antiquities of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff. Illustrations of the Topography and Antiquities of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff. (volume 3). The Spalding Club, 1857. pp. 526-527.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Moncreiffe of that Ilk, pp.150–154.
  17. ↑ Brydall, Robert. "The Monumental Effigies of Scotland from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Volume 29 (1894–95). pp. 329–410.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656), A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland. Originally written in about 1625, published in 1813. pp. 36.
  19. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1894). History of the Clan Mackenzie. pp. 302.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ John L. Roberts, Feuds, Forays and Rebellions: History of the Highland Clans 1475-1625 (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), at page 122
  22. ↑ Raid on Ross clan-cameron.org. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  23. ↑ Gregory, Donald. (1836). History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland from A.D. 1493 to A.D. 1625. pp. 92.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Mackenzie, Alan. (2006). History of the Mackenzies. Chaper 4. pp. 55
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Mackenzie, Alan. (2006). History of the Mackenzies. Chapter 5. pp.60.
  26. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1894). History of the Mackenzies. pp. 140 - 141.
  27. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1894). History of the Mackenzies. pp. 146 - 147.
  28. ↑ Gordon, Sir Robert. (1580–1657). A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland. Originally written between 1615 and 1630. Republished in 1813. pp. 155.
  29. ↑ Gordon, Sir Robert. (1580–1657). A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland. Originally written between 1615 and 1630. Republished in 1813. pp. 236.
  30. ↑ Mackenzie, Alan. (2006). History of the Mackenzies. Chapter 6. pp. 69 - 70.
  31. ↑ Foulis Press. (1764). Conflicts of the Clans (Published from a manuscript written in the reign of James VI of Scotland).
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Mackenzie, Alan. (2006). History of the Macknzies Chapter 9. Pages 101 - 102.
  33. ↑ Roberts, John L. (2000). Clan, King and Covenant. The History of the Highland Clans from the Civil War to the Glencoe Massacre. ISBN 0-7486-1393-5. pp. 149.
  34. ↑ Ardvreck Castle - The MacNicols and Macleods of Assynt caithness.org. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  35. ↑ Simpson, Peter. (1996). The Independent Highland Companies, 1603 - 1760. pp. 72. ISBN 0-85976-432-X.
  36. ↑ Sage, Rev. Donald. A.M. Minister of Resolis. Memorabilia Domestica Or Parish Life in the North of Scotland. Edited by his son. Chapter 1.
  37. ↑ Mackay, Angus. (1906). (St Andrews University). The Book of Mackay. Edinburgh. pp. 180
  38. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1989). History of the Munros of Fowlis. pp. 99. Quoting: a contemporary manuscript written by Major Fraser of Castleleathers.
  39. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1896). History of the Frasers of Lovat pp. 337 - 341.
  40. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1894). History of the Mackenzies. pp. 226.
  41. ↑ Mackenzie, Alan. (2006). History of the Mackenzies. Chapter 10. pp. 143 - 144. electricscotland.com Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  42. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander. (1894). History of the Mackenzies: With Genealogies of the Principal Families of the Name. pp. 310 - 311.
  43. ↑ Mackay, Angus. (1906). (St Andrews University). The Book of Mackay. pp. 191.
  44. ↑ Mackay, Angus. (1906). The Book of Mackay. pp. 191.
  45. ↑ Simpson, Peter. (1996). The Independent Highland Companies, 1603 - 1760. pp. 127 – 128 and 130. ISBN 0-85976-432-X.
  46. ↑ Clan Macrae History - The Independent Companies clan-macrae.org.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs website. (link to website) Retrieved on 2008-03-17
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[unreliable source?]
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ McKenzie, Alan. History of the Mackenzies, pp. 176–177. (link to chapter 11)
  51. ↑ Gairloch (Flowerdale & Shieldaig) & Conon. Who Owns Scotland. Retrieved on 2008-03-16 (The estate encompasses 53,625 acres (217.01 km2). The landownership in Scotland still in the hands of very few landowners. Note that of 97% of the total land in Scotland is rural, of this 87.7% ownership of private interests. Of the land in private ownership one quarter of it is held by only 66 landowners; one third of it is owned by 120; one half is owned 343; two thirds is owned by 1,252 landowners).
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Castle Leod. Highland Buildings Preservation Trust (HBPT). Retrieved on 2008-03-17
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ CROMARTIE, CHIEF OF MACKENZIE Retrieved 2008-03-14 (Tarbat in County Cromartie; Castlehaven in County Cromartie).
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ McKenzie Name Meaning and History Retrieved 2008-03-14 (the website cites: Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508137-4).
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Kenneth Name Meaning and History Retrieved on 2008-03-16 (the website cites: Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508137-4).
  60. ↑ Menzies Name Meaning and History Retrieved on 2008-03-16 (the website cites: Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508137-4).
  61. ↑ http://aberdeen.stv.tv/articles/315205-outlander-author-diana-gabaldon-backs-campaign-to-save-castle-leod/

References

External links

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