Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry

Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry
Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry Visitor Center
Map of Utah
Location	Emery County, Utah
Nearest city	Cleveland
Coordinates
Governing body	Bureau of Land Management
http://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/price/recreation/quarry.html
U.S. National Natural Landmark
Designated	1965

The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, located in the San Rafael Swell, near Cleveland, Utah, contains the densest concentration of Jurassic dinosaur fossils ever found. Well over 15,000 bones have been excavated from this Jurassic "predator trap" and there are many thousands more awaiting excavation and study. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in October 1965.

Visiting

The visitor center is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. There is a skeleton reconstruction of an adult Allosaurus (and other bones) on display in the visitor center, along with many other exhibits. A renovated and expanded quarry visitor center was dedicated on April 28, 2007. The visitor center is open seasonally with variable hours.

History

The quarry was probably found by sheepmen and cowmen as they drove their animals through the area during the late 19th century. In 1927, the Department of Geology at the University of Utah, under the direction of Chairman F.F. Hintze, visited the area and collected 800 bones. In 1939, a field party from Princeton University led by William Lee Stokes began work. In three summers, they collected 1,200 bones. The quarry was not worked again until 1960. In 1974, a new dinosaur was described by James H. Madsen, Jr., Assistant Research Professor of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah. He named it Stokesosaurus clevelandi. In 1976, another new dinosaur was described from fossils found in the quarry by Madsen. He named it Marshosaurus bicentesimus. In 1987, Brigham Young University paleontologists excavated a fossil dinosaur egg, at the time the oldest such egg ever found.

Over the years, excavations led by the University of Utah and the Utah Museum of Natural History have resulted in the collection of more than 12,000 fossil bones from the quarry. While most of the original fossils are currently housed at the Utah Museum of Natural History, many skeletons reproduced from Cleveland-Lloyd dinosaur remains are now on exhibit in more than 65 museums worldwide. Original specimens from the quarry remain on public exhibit in Utah at the Utah Museum of Natural History in Salt Lake City, the College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum in Price and the Earth Science Museum at Brigham Young University in Provo.

The U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) opened a visitor center at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in 1968. This was the first-ever BLM visitor center. On April 28, 2007 a new, larger facility was dedicated that has updated exhibits. The new visitor center generates its own electricity from rooftop solar panels.

Geology

The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry of east central Utah has produced one of the most prolific dinosaurs bone assemblages in the Upper Jurassic beds of North America. The quarry is part of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation. The fossil deposit, which is interpreted to be a possible predator trap, consists of a calcareous smectitic mudstone which accumulated on the floodplain of an anastomosing river system. An anastomosing river system consists of multiple interconnected channels confined by prominent levees separated by interchannel topographic lows. The depositional environment of the quarry mudstone was an interchannel seasonal accumulation of clay nested in a topographic low between channel levees called a floodpond.

Dinosaurs became entrapped in the cohesive and adhesive mud as they drank and hunted near the floodpond. The preserved fauna consists of almost all dinosaurs with the majority being carnivorous dinosaurs including Allosaurus (material from at least 44 individuals make up almost 67% of all remains), Torvosaurus (1), Ceratosaurus (1), Stokesosaurus (2), Marshosaurus (2), and possibly an Ornitholestes. Herbivorous dinosaurs include Camarasaurus (5), Haplocanthosaurus (1), Barosaurus (1), Amphicoelias (1), Mongolosaurus (1), an unidentified sauropod, Camptosaurus (5), Stegosaurus (4), a possible ankylosaur (1), and an unidentified ornithopod. Non-dinosaurian fauna include a crocodile (Goniopholis), 2 turtles (Glyptops), 4 genera of gastropoda (snails), and 4 genera of charophyte.

The atypical predator/prey ratio (3:1) represented at the quarry may be explained by pack hunting tendencies of Allosaurus. The high percentage of smaller individual allosaurs suggests that juveniles coordinated their efforts to capture and kill prey. They may have followed their prey into the floodpond and subsequently became mired themselves. The close spatial proximity of skull elements (most belonging to Allosaurus) supports this hypothesis. Larger individual theropods almost certainly became mired while attempting to scavenge the carcasses of other entrapped dinosaurs (Richmond and Morris, 1996).

Paleofauna

Fossil taxa discovered at the Cleveland-Lloyd site include:

• Plantae
  • Thallophyta
    • Aclistochara
    • Latochara
    • Stellatochara
• Animalia
  • Mollusca
    • Gastropoda
      • Amplovalvata
      • Amplovoluta
      • Valvata
      • Viviparus
  • Chordata
    • Chelonii
      • Glyptops

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Theropods reported from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry
Genus	Species	Amount	Notes	Images
Marshosaurus	M. bicentesimus	2	A small 20 ft (6m) megalosaurid.
Torvosaurus	T. tanneri	1	The second largest theropod reported from the Quarry.	Torvosaurus
Stokesosaurus	S. clevelandi	3	The largest coelurosaur found
Ornitholestes	Indeterminate	1	-
Allosaurus	A. fragilis	44 - 60	The largest theropod found	Allosaurus mounted skeleton
Ceratosaurus	C. nasicornis	1	The rarest theropod species in the quarry

Sauropods reported from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry
Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Camarasaurus	C. lentus	3 skeletons were unearthed	Camarasaurus
Barosaurus	B.lentus	-
Amphicoelias	A.altus	A smaller cousin of A.fragilimus	-
Mongolosaurus	cf Indeterminate	-	-
Brachiosaurus	B.althithorax	The largest dinosaur reported	Brachiosaurus
Haplocanthosaurus	H.priscus	The last Cetiosauridae	-

Ornithischians reported from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry
Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Camptosaurus	C.dispar	-	-
Stegosaurus	S.stenops	The largest ornithischian of its time.	Stegosaurus

See also

• La Brea tar pits
• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
• Predator trap

References

• Stokes, W. L. 1985 The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry: Window to the Past. U. S. Government Printing Office.
• Richmond, D.R. and Morris, T.H., 1996, The dinosaur death trap of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Emery County, Utah, in Morales, M., ed., The Continental Jurassic: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 60, pp. 533–545.

External links

• BLM Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry web page