Clusia

Clusia
Clusia fluminensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Clusiaceae
Subfamily:	Clusioideae
Tribe:	Clusieae
Genus:	Clusia L.
Species
Around 145, see text
Synonyms
Arrudea Cambess. Androstylium Miq. Cochlanthera Choisy Decaphalangium Melch. Havetia Kunth Havetiopsis Planch. & Triana Oedematopus Planch. & Triana Oxystemon Planch. & Triana Pilosperma Planch. & Triana Quapoya Aubl. Renggeria Meisn. Rengifa Poepp. & Endl.

Clusia grandiflora - MHNT

Clusia is the type genus of the flowering plant family Clusiaceae. Comprising 300-400 species, it is native to tropical America. The genus is named by Carl Linnaeus in honor of the botanist Charles de l’Écluse.

The closest relatives of Clusia are the neotropical genera Chrysochlamys, Tovomita, Dystovomita and Tovomitopsis. Together with Clusia, these genera form the tribe Clusieae.

The distribution ranges from the Florida Keys and southern Mexico to southernmost Brazil, and from near sea level to at least 3500 m altitude in the northern Andes. Many species are found in lowland or montane rainforests, but some occur also in drier habitats such as the restingas of Brazil, caribbean coastal scrub and dry interandean valleys. A number of species are confined to rocky habitats, such as tepuis or granitic inselbergs. A few grow as scattered shrubs in paramo. The apomictic Clusia rosea is naturalized in e.g. Hawaii.

Description

Its species are shrubs, vines and small to medium-size trees up to 20 m tall, with evergreen foliage. Some species start life as epiphytes, then develop long roots that descend to the ground and eventually strangle and kill the host tree in a manner similar to strangler figs.

Many Clusia species have Crassulacean acid metabolism, which can be considered an adaptation to the often dry (micro)habitats of the genus.

The plants contain variously coloured latex in stems, leaves and fruit. The leaves are opposite, 5–20 cm long and 2–10 cm broad, with a leathery texture and an entire margin. Flower size varies from ca 5 mm wide (e.g. Clusia gundlachii) to ca 150 mm in Clusia grandiflora. The 4-9 petals are white, cream, yellow, pink, red, blackish or green. Flowers are unisexual and plants are dioecious (pistillate and staminate flowers are borne on separate plants). Stamen number ranges from four to several hundred. Shape and size of stamens are extremely variable. Sterile stamens are often present, both in pistillate and staminate flowers. Stigmas are four to 16 in number and usually sessile. The fruit is a leathery valvate capsule which splits open to release several red or orange, fleshy-coated seeds.

Pollination involves a range of different animals, and several types of rewards. Floral resin occurs in many, probably most species of Clusia. The resin is produced by the stamens (by sterile stamens, referred to as staminodes, in pistillate flowers) and is collected by bees that use it in nest construction. Nectar is most common in montane species, e.g. Clusia clusioides, and these flowers are visited by insects such as moths and wasps, and sometimes by bats or hummingbirds. In flowers lacking nectar or resin, pollination may be carried out by pollen-eating beetles, which visit also the rewardless pistillate flowers, as observed in Clusia criuva. Clusia blattophila is pollinated by male cockroaches attracted by a pheromone-containing fluid produced by the flowers.

Seeds are dispersed by birds and perhaps, in some cases, by small mammals.

Clusia plants provide excellent nesting sites for some insects. For instance, Clusia grandiflora, a common species in Guianese forests, is an attractive place for Polistes pacificuswasps to build their paper nests because arboreal ants, which often prey on these wasps, do not normally reside in this species of tree.

Uses

The wood of Clusia is highly durable, and is sometimes used for roof construction. The latex and the floral resin have antiseptic properties and have been used to seal wounds. Dry latex is sometimes burned like incense in churches. A few species are grown as house plants, or, in tropical areas, as ornamental trees and shrubs. Examples are Clusia major (often sold under the name C. rosea), C. orthoneura and C. rosea.

Selected species

• Clusia alata
• Clusia arborea
• Clusia blattophila
• Clusia carinata
• Clusia clarendonensis
• Clusia clusioides
• Clusia croatii
• Clusia cupulata
• Clusia fluminensis Planch. & Triana
• Clusia guttifera
• clusia grandiflora
• Clusia gundlachii
• Clusia lanceolata
• Clusia longipetiolata
• Clusia magnoliiflora
• Clusia major – Copey, Autograph Tree, Pitch-apple
• Clusia minor
• Clusia minutiflora
• Clusia nemorosa
• Clusia nubium
• Clusia orthoneura
• Clusia osseocarpa
• Clusia palmicida
• Clusia plurivalvis
• Clusia polystigma
• Clusia portlandiana
• Clusia pseudomangle
• Clusia rosea – Scotch attorney, Autograph Tree, Pitch-apple
• Clusia skotaster
• Clusia spiritu-sanctensis
• Clusia tarmensis
• Clusia uvitana
• Clusia valerioi

Gallery

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  Autograph tree (C. rosea): leaf with autograph, flower, fresh fruit, and dried fruit.

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  Clusia lanceolata, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden

References

Correia MCR, Ormond WT, Pinheiro MCB, Lima HA (1993) Estudos da biologia floral de Clusia criuva Camb. um caso de mimetismo. Bradea 24:209–219

Gustafsson, M. H. G. and V. Bittrich (2003) Evolution of morphological diversity and resin secretion in flowers of Clusia L. (Clusiaceae): insights from ITS sequence variation. Nordic Journal of Botany 22: 183-203.

Vlasakova, B., B. Kalinova, M. H. G. Gustafsson and H. Teichert (2008). Cockroaches as pollinators of Clusia sp. aff. sellowiana (Clusiaceae), on inselbergs in French Guiana. Annals of Botany 102: 295-304.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. (2012) A new xeromorphic species of Clusia (Clusiaceae) from dry valleys of northern Peru. Novon 20: 414-417

Gustafsson, M. H. G., V. Bittrich and K. Winter (2007) Diversity, phylogeny and classification of Clusia. In U. Lüttge (ed.) Ecological studies vol. 194. Clusia: a woody Neotropical genus of remarkable plasticity and diversity, pp. 95-116. Springer, Heidelberg.

Bittrich, V and M. C. E. Amaral (1996)Flower Morphology and Pollination Biology of Some Clusia Species from the Gran Sabana (Venezuela) Kew Bulletin 51: 681-694. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana

External links

Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

• Clusia rosea photos
• Key to Clusia species from Brazil (Portuguese)