Columbus, New Mexico

Columbus, New Mexico
Village
View of Columbus from Pancho Villa State Park View of Columbus from Pancho Villa State Park
Location of Columbus, New Mexico Location of Columbus, New Mexico
Columbus, New Mexico Location in the United States
Coordinates:
Country	United States
State	New Mexico
County	Luna
Founded	1891
Government
• Mayor	Philip H. Skinner
Area
• Total	2.8 sq mi (7.2 km2)
• Land	2.8 sq mi (7.2 km2)
• Water	0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation	4,068 ft (1,240 m)
Population (2000)
• Total	1,765
• Density	635.3/sq mi (245.3/km2)
Time zone	Mountain (MST) (UTC-7)
• Summer (DST)	MDT (UTC-6)
ZIP code	88029
Area code(s)	575
FIPS code	35-17050
GNIS feature ID	0897342
Website	http://www.columbusnewmexico.com

Columbus is a village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States, about three miles north of the Mexican border. It is considered a place of historical interest, as the scene of the attack in 1916 by Mexican revolutionary leader Francisco "Pancho" Villa, that caused America to send 10,000 troops there in the Punitive Mexican Expedition. The population was 1,765 at the 2000 census.

History

Early History (1891-1910s)

Columbus was established in 1891 just across the Mexican border from Palomas, Chihuahua, Mexico, and named after 15th century explorer Christopher Columbus. In 1902, the village was moved three miles north when the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad built its Columbus Station. This Station is now converted into a museum run by the Columbus Historical Society.

Around 1905, it was a very small town with a community of a hundred residents, two of those early settlers being Colonel Andrew O. Bailey, and Louis Heller. By this time, Columbus had only one general store, a saloon, and a society inspector. In time, a high school was built, and Perrow G. Mosely established the Columbus News, which later was renamed as the Columbus Courier. By 1915, the town had seven hundred residents, the Columbus State Bank was built, four hotels were constructed, several stores and a Baptist church were also established. At that time, Columbus also possessed rich silver, copper, lead, and zinc deposits.

1916 Pancho Villa raid

Main article: Battle of Columbus (1916)

On March 9, 1916, on the orders of Mexican revolutionary leader Francisco "Pancho" Villa, (Colonel) Francisco Beltrán, (Colonel) Candelario Cervantes, (General) Nicolás Fernández, (General) Pablo López and others led five hundred men in an attack against the town, which was garrisoned by a detachment of the 13th Cavalry Regiment. Villa's army burned a part of the town and killed seven or eight soldiers and 10 residents before retreating back into Mexico.

United States President Woodrow Wilson responded to the Columbus raid by sending 10,000 troops under Brigadier General John J. Pershing to Mexico to pursue Villa. This was known as the Punitive Mexican Expedition or Pancho Villa Expedition. The expedition was eventually called off after failing to find Villa, who had successfully escaped. The Pershing expedition brought prosperity and international attention to Columbus and a realization that war had come to the border of the United States

From 1926 to the Mid 1990's

In 1926 after the Punitive Expedition ended, Columbus started to change and decay over the decades. Camp Furlong activity was greatly reduced. The army decided to close their camp, and the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad stopped service in Columbus. After all these events the economy naturally faded over time.

In the 1990s Columbus started to rise again, with the development of city and state parks, museums, RV parks, and all the history involving the place. A few artists showed up, and Columbus became an interesting place to visit or perhaps to live.

2011 gun smuggling scandal

In July 2011, Columbus dissolved its police force after a gun-smuggling scandal that involved its village officials and others. The mayor, a village trustee, a former police chief, and nine other people were indicted in the scandal. The case was prosecuted by the United States Attorney from El Paso, Texas before United States District Court Judge Robert Brack in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Of the 11 people charged, ten pleaded guilty, with one person still at large. Sentences ranged from five years in federal prison to two years' probation.

Geography

Columbus is located at (31.830760, -107.641558).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.8 square miles (7.3 km²), all land.

The village is approximately three miles north of the international border between the United States of America and Mexico. The Mexican village of Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua is on the opposite side of the border.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1920	2,110		—
1930	391		−81.5%
1940	265		−32.2%
1950	251		−5.3%
1960	307		22.3%
1970	241		−21.5%
1980	414		71.8%
1990	641		54.8%
2000	1,765		175.4%
2010	1,664		−5.7%
Est. 2014	1,634		−1.8%
U.S. Decennial Census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,765 people, 536 households, and 411 families residing in the village. The population density was 635.3 people per square mile (245.1/km²). There were 720 housing units at an average density of 259.2 per square mile (100.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 70.42% White, 0.68% African American, 0.57% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 25.50% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 83.34% of the population.

There were 536 households out of which 50.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.89.

In the village the population was spread out with 39.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $13,773, and the median income for a family was $14,318. Males had a median income of $16,912 versus $12,344 for females. The per capita income for the village was $6,721. About 56.7% of families and 57.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 67.0% of those under age 18 and 20.2% of those age 65 or over.

In 2010, Columbus had the 21st-lowest median household income of all places in the United States with a population over 1,000.

Education

Columbus Elementary School is part of the Deming Public Schools District.

Columbus Elementary School is located 30 miles south of Deming, New Mexico and three miles north of Palomas, Chihuahua across the border in Mexico. The current enrollment at Columbus Elementary School consists of 441 students.

90% of the students come from homes where Spanish is the dominant language. The staff at Columbus Elementary are required to be bilingually endorsed or working toward bilingual endorsement. The mission of Columbus Elementary School is to build on the students' bicultural and bilingual environment; they work in partnership with the parents and the community to enable students to reach their full potential.

Students from Columbus and Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua, Mexico, attend Columbus Elementary from pre-school up to sixth grade. Students then move on to attend Red Mountain Middle School (6-8) in Deming, Hofacket Mid-High School (9-12), and Deming High School (9-12).

Deming Public Schools buses U.S. citizen students residing in Mexico (including the city of Palomas) from the United States-Mexico border to Columbus Elementary and to upper grades in Deming.

Columbus Village Library

Columbus Village Library is the town's only public library. It is located at 112 West Broadway, PO Box 270 Columbus, NM 88029. There are around 22,386 visits to this local library. Columbus Village Library has 14,989 books and serial volumes, 343 audios, 1,428 videos and 30 computers.

City of the Sun

An intentional community called City of the Sun is located on the northern edge of Columbus. Started in 1972, the community has many unique, experimental homes. Members of the community aim "to serve the Divine Purpose in community living with other Light Seekers."

In Popular Culture

Pancho Villa's raid on Columbus is depicted in the novel The Friends of Pancho Villa (1996), by James Carlos Blake. Columbus stars in the 2008 film The Shepard starring Jean-Claude Van Damme.

See also

• Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong, a U.S. National Historic Landmark District

Further reading

• Morgan, Brandon. "Columbus, New Mexico: The Creation of a Border Place Myth, 1888–1916." New Mexico Historical Review 89.4 (2014) pp 481-504 online
• Morgan, Brandon. "Columbus, New Mexico, and Palomas, Chihuahua: Transnational Landscapes of Violence, 1888-1930." (2013). online

External links

• Pancho Villa raid
• Camp Furlong and Columbus, New Mexico - 1916
• From Pancho Villa To Panda Express: Life In A Border Town