Computational astrophysics
Computational astrophysics refers to the methods and computing tools developed and used in astrophysics research. Like computational chemistry or computational physics, it is both a specific branch of theoretical astrophysics and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science, mathematics, and wider physics. Computational astrophysics is most often studied through an applied mathematics or astrophysics programme at PhD level.
Well-established areas of astrophysics employing computational methods include magnetohydrodynamics, astrophysical radiative transfer, stellar and galactic dynamics, and astrophysical fluid dynamics. A recently developed field with interesting results is numerical relativity.
Research
Many astrophysicists use computers in their work, and a growing number of astrophysics departments now have research groups specially devoted to computational astrophysics. Important research initiatives include the US Department of Energy (DoE) SciDAC collaboration for astrophysics[1] and the now defunct European AstroSim collaboration.[2] A notable active project is the international Virgo Consortium, which focuses on cosmology.
In August 2015 during the general assembly of the International Astronomical Union a new commission C.B1 on Computational Astrophysics has been inaugurated, therewith recognizing the importance of astronomical discovery by computing.
Important techniques of computational astrophysics include particle-in-cell (PIC) and the closely related particle-mesh (PM), N-body simulations, Monte Carlo methods, as well as grid-free (with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) being an important example) and grid-based methods for fluids. In addition, methods from numerical analysis for solving ODEs and PDEs are also used.
Simulation of astrophysical flows is of particular importance as many objects and processes of astronomical interest such as stars and nebulae involve gases. Fluid computer models are often coupled with radiative transfer, (Newtonian) gravity, nuclear physics and (general) relativity to study highly energetic phenomena such as supernovae, relativistic jets, active galaxies and gamma-ray bursts[3] and are also used to model stellar structure, planetary formation, evolution of stars and of galaxies, and exotic objects such as neutron stars, pulsars, magnetars and black holes.[4] Computer simulations are often the only means to study stellar collisions, galaxy mergers, as well as galactic and black hole interactions.[5][6]
In recent years the field has made increasing use of parallel and high performance computers.[7]
Tools
Computational astrophysics as a field makes extensive use of software and hardware technologies. These systems are often highly specialized and made by dedicated professionals, and so generally find limited popularity in the wider (computational) physics community.
Hardware
Like other similar fields, computational astrophysics makes extensive use of supercomputers and computer clusters . Even on the scale of a normal desktop it is possible to accelerate the hardware. Perhaps the most notable such computer architecture built specially for astrophysics is the GRAPE (gravity pipe) in Japan.
Software
Many codes and software packages, exist along with various researchers and consortia maintaining them. Most codes tend to be n-body packages or fluid solvers of some sort. Examples of n-body codes include AMUSE [1],[8] ChaNGa, MODEST,[9] nbodylab.org[10] and manybody.org .[11]
For hydrodynamics there is usually a coupling between codes, as the motion of the fluids usually has some other effect (such as gravity, or radiation) in astrophysical situations. For example for SPH/N-body there is GADGET; for grid-based/N-body RAMSES,[12] ENZO,[13] FLASH,[14] and ART.[15]
See also
- Millennium Simulation, Eris, and Bolshoi Cosmological Simulation are astrophysical supercomputer simulations
- Plasma modeling
- Computational physics
- Theoretical astronomy and theoretical astrophysics
- Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation
- University of California High-Performance AstroComputing Center
References
- ↑ "SciDAC Astrophysics Consortium". Accessed 8 Mar 2012.
- ↑ AstroSim.net. Accessed 8 Mar 2012.
- ↑ Breakthrough study confirms cause of short gamma-ray bursts. Astronomy (magazine).com website, April 8, 2011. Retrieved 20 Nov 2012.
- ↑ For example, see the article Cosmic Vibrations from Neutron Stars. Retrieved 21 Mar 2012.
- ↑ GALMER: GALaxy MERgers in the Virtual Observatory : News release. Retrieved 20 Mar 2012. Project Home page. Retrieved 20 Mar 2012.
- ↑ NASA Achieves Breakthrough In Black Hole Simulation ; dated 18 Apr 2006. Recovered 18 Mar 2012.
- ↑ Lucio Mayer. Foreword: Advanced Science Letters (ASL), Special Issue on Computational Astrophysics.
- ↑ AMUSE(Astrophysical Multipurpose Software Environment). Accessed 5 April 2012.
- ↑ MODEST(MOdeling DEnse STellar systems) home page.. Accessed 5 April 2012.
- ↑ NBodyLab. Accessed 5 April 2012.
- ↑ manybody.org project homepage. Accessed 5 April 2012.
- ↑ The RAMSES code
- ↑ Brian W. O'Shea, Greg Bryan, James Bordner, Michael L. Norman, Tom Abel, Robert Harkness, Alexei Kritsuk: "Introducing Enzo, an AMR Cosmology Application". Eds. T. Plewa, T. Linde & V. G. Weirs, Springer Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, 2004. arXiv:astro-ph/0403044 (retrieved 20 Nov 2012);
Project pages at:- Enzo @ Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, University of San Diego (retrieved 20 Nov 2012);
- enzo: Astrophysical Adaptive Mesh Refinement . Google code project home web page (retrieved 20 Nov 2012).
- ↑ The Flash Center for Computational Science. Accessed 3 June 2012.
- ↑ Kravtsov, A.V., Klypin, A.A., Khokhlov, A.M., “ART: a new high resolution N-body code for cosmological simulations”, ApJS, 111, 73, (1997)
Further reading
Beginner/intermediate level:
- Astrophysics with a PC: An Introduction to Computational Astrophysics, Paul Hellings. Willmann-Bell; 1st English ed edition.
- Practical Astronomy with your Calculator, Peter Duffett-Smith. Cambridge University Press; 3rd edition 1988.
Advanced/graduate level:
- Numerical Methods in Astrophysics: An Introduction (Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics): Peter Bodenheimer, Gregory P. Laughlin, Michal Rozyczka, Harold. W Yorke. Taylor & Francis, 2006.
