Culross

For the community in Canada, see Culross, Manitoba. For the American musician, see Dave Culross.

Culross
Scottish Gaelic: Cuileann Ros
Scots: Culrosscode: sco is deprecated
Culross and the Firth of Forth
Culross  Culross shown within Fife
Population	395
Council area	Fife
Lieutenancy area	Fife
Country	Scotland
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Police	Scottish
Fire	Scottish
Ambulance	Scottish
EU Parliament	Scotland
UK Parliament	Dunfermline and West Fife
Scottish Parliament	Dunfermline
List of places UK Scotland

Culross (/ˈkurəs/) (Gaelic: Cuileann Ros) is a village and former royal burgh, and parish, in Fife, Scotland.

According to the 2006 estimate, the village has a population of 395. Originally Culross served as a port city on the Firth of Forth and is believed to have been founded by Saint Serf during the 6th century.

The civil parish has a population of 4,348 (in 2011).

Founding legend

A legend states that when the British princess (and future saint) Teneu, daughter of the king of Lothian, became pregnant before marriage, her family threw her from a cliff. She survived the fall unharmed, and was soon met by an unmanned boat. She knew she had no home to go to, so she got into the boat; it sailed her across the Firth of Forth to land at Culross where she was cared for by Saint Serf; he became foster-father of her son, Saint Kentigern or Mungo (d. 612).

Industry

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the town was a centre of the coal mining industry. Sir George Bruce of Carnock, who built the splendid 'Palace' of Culross and whose elaborate family monument stands in the north transept of the Abbey church, established a coal mine at Culross in 1575 and in 1595 constructed the Moat Pit by which it became the first coal mine in the world to extend under the sea. The mine worked what is now known as the Upper Hirst coal seam, with ingenious contrivances to drain the constant leakage from above. This mine was considered one of the marvels of the British Isles in the early 17th century, until the Moat Pit was destroyed in a storm on 30 March 1625.

Culross' secondary industry was salt panning. There was a considerable export trade by sea in the produce of these industries and the prevalence of red roof tiles in Culross and other villages in Fife is thought to be a direct result of collier ships returning to Culross with Dutch roof tiles as ballast. The town was also known for its monopoly on the manufacture of 'girdles', i.e. flat iron plates for baking over an open fire. The town's role as a port declined from the 18th century, and by Victorian times it had become something of a 'ghost town'. The harbour was filled in and the sea cut off by the coastal railway line in the second half of the 19th century (though the site of the harbour walls can to a large extent still be traced).

Heritage

File:Culrosshouse7 December.jpg

Culross Town House.

Culross Palace with its crow-step gable design.

File:Street in Culross.jpg

Street in Culross

During the 20th century, it became recognised that Culross contained many unique historical buildings and the National Trust for Scotland has been working on their preservation and restoration since the 1930s.

Notable buildings in the burgh include Culross Town House, formerly used as a courthouse and prison, the 16th century Culross Palace, 17th century Study, and the remains of the Cistercian house of Culross Abbey, founded 1217. The tower, transepts and choir of the Abbey Church remain in use as the parish church, while the ruined claustral buildings are cared for by Historic Scotland. Just outside the town is the 18th-century Dunimarle Castle, built by the Erskine family to supersede a medieval castle.

Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald spent much of his early life in Culross, where his family had an estate. There is now a bust in his honour outside the Culross Town House. He was the first Vice Admiral of Chile.

Notable people

• George Bruce of Carnock (1550-1625), Lord Bruce
• Elizabeth Melville, "Lady Culross" (c.1578 - c.1640), Scotland's earliest known published female poet
• Stewart McPherson (1822-1892), recipient of the Victoria Cross
• Rev Robert Pont (1525-1606) radical church figure during the Reformation, five times Moderator of the Church of Scotland
• Jackie Sinclair (1943-2010), Scottish international footballer

Administrative history

Prior to the 1890s the parish of Culross formed an exclave of Perthshire.

Civic links

Culross is twinned with Veere in the Netherlands, which was formerly the port through which its export goods entered the Low Countries.

It is within the Dunfermline and West Fife Westminster Parliamentary constituency.

Culross as a location for filming

Several motion pictures have used Culross as a location, including The Little Vampire (2000 feature film), The 39 Steps, Kidnapped A dying Breed, and Captain America: The First Avenger} and the Starz television series Outlander.

External links

• Culross community site
• Culross on FifeDirect
• Entry in A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (1846)
• Culross Arts and Music Festival
• Engraving of Culross in 1693 by John Slezer at National Library of Scotland