Cypselomorphae

Cypselomorphae Temporal range: Paleocene - Holocene, 60–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor (Caprimulgidae)
Male rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus (Trochilidae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Superorder:	Neoaves
Superorder:	Cypselomorphae Huxley, 1867
Orders
Apodiformes Aegotheliformes Caprimulgiformes (but see text)

Cypselomorphae is a clade of birds. It includes the living families and orders Caprimulgidae (nightjars, nighthawks and allies), Nyctibiidae (potoos), Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds), as well as the Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars) whose distinctness was only recently realized. The Apodiformes (which include the "Trochiliformes" of the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy) and the Aegotheliformes form the Daedalornithes.

Systematics

The material evidence for this group is very equivocal; the most ancient Cypselomorphae are quite nondescript tree-dwellers but already tend towards peculiarly apomorphic feet, and no Cretaceous fossils are known. Torpor and other metabolic peculiarities are very frequently found in this group, perhaps more often than in any other bird lineage. The synapomorphies that define this clade are the ossa maxillaria separated by a large cleft, a mandible with very short pars symphysialis, and rami mandibulae very slender in their distal half.

Evolution

Hassiavis laticauda fossil from the Messel fossil site

The relationships of the Early Eocene Parvicuculus and Procuculus from the southern North Sea basin are unresolved, but they bear some similarities to cypselomorphs.

The fossil evidence is quite consistent in this group. Over some 20 million years, throughout the Eocene, the present-day diversity (as well as some entirely extinct lineages) slowly unfolds. By mid-Oligocene, some 30 million years ago, the crown lineages are present and adapting to their present-day ecological niches.

By the distribution of fossils, the Paleogene radiation seems to have originated in Asia, which at that time became a highly fragmented landscape as the Himalayas lifted up and the Turgai Strait started to disappear.

Several fossil taxa are tentatively placed here as basal or incertae sedis

• Eocypselus (Late Paleocene or Early Eocene)
• Paraprefica (Early Eocene?)
• Archaeotrogonidae (Early Eocene of England ?- Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of France)
• Hassiavis (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - Archaeotrogonidae?
• Protocypselomorphus (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)