Selegiline

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Selegiline
Selegiline2DCSD.svg
Selegiline-3D-balls.png
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(R)-N-methyl-N-(1-phenylpropan-2-yl)prop-1-yn-3-amine
Clinical data
Trade names Eldepryl, Selgene
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a697046
Licence data US FDA:link
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Legal status
Routes of
administration		 Oral, transdermal, buccal
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 4.4% (oral, fasted), 20% (oral, after food), 18% (patch)
Protein binding 90%
Metabolism liver
Biological half-life 10 hours (oral), 18-25 hours (transdermal)
Excretion urine
Identifiers
CAS Number 14611-51-9 YesY
Template:CAS (HCl)
ATC code N04BD01 (WHO) QN06AX90 (WHO)
PubChem CID: 26757
IUPHAR/BPS 6639
DrugBank DB01037 YesY
ChemSpider 24930 YesY
UNII 2K1V7GP655 YesY
KEGG D03731 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:9086 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL972 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C13H17N
Molecular mass 187.281 g/mol
  • C#CCN([C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C)C
  • InChI=1S/C13H17N/c1-4-10-14(3)12(2)11-13-8-6-5-7-9-13/h1,5-9,12H,10-11H2,2-3H3/t12-/m1/s1 YesY
  • Key:MEZLKOACVSPNER-GFCCVEGCSA-N YesY
  (verify)

Selegiline (brand names Anipryl, Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), also known as L-deprenyl is a substituted phenethylamine used for the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease, depression and dementia. In normal clinical doses it is a selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitor. However, in larger doses it loses its specificity and also inhibits MAO-A. Dietary restrictions are common for MAOI treatments, but special dietary restrictions for lower doses have been found to be unnecessary,[1] and dietary restrictions appear to be unnecessary at standard doses when selegiline is taken as Emsam, the transdermal patch form, as no adverse events due to diet have ever been reported with Emsam.[2]

Selegiline belongs to a class of drugs called phenethylamines. Selegiline is a levomethamphetamine derivative with a propargyl group attached to the nitrogen atom. This detail is borrowed from pargyline, an older phenethylamine MAO-B inhibitor.[3]

The drug was discovered by József Knoll et al. in Hungary.

Medical uses

The main use of selegiline is in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It can be used on its own or in a combination with another agent, most often L-DOPA.[4] For newly diagnosed Parkinson's patients, some claim that selegiline slows the progression of the disease, although this claim has not been widely accepted and the methodology has been rejected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[5]

Selegiline delays the time point when the L-DOPA (levodopa) treatment becomes necessary from 10-12 to 18 months after diagnosis,[6] which is beneficial despite not being definitive evidence of neuroprotection. The rationale for adding selegiline to levodopa is to decrease the required dose of levodopa and thus reduce the motor complications of levodopa therapy.[7]

Comparisons of patients on levodopa + placebo vs levodopa + selegiline showed that selegiline allowed reduction of the levodopa dose by about 40%. Selegiline + levodopa also extended the time until the levodopa dose had to be increased from 2.6 to 4.9 years.[6] As a result, there were fewer motor complications in selegiline groups.[7] In one trial, selegiline + levodopa completely halted the progress of Parkinson's disease over 14 months, while in the placebo + levodopa group the deterioration of the patients' condition continued. However, the interpretation of this trial as proving neuroprotective action of selegiline has been questioned.[6]

As of February 28, 2006, selegiline has also been approved by the FDA to treat major depression using a transdermal patch (Emsam Patch).[8] Selegiline (brand name Anipryl) is also used (at extremely high dosages relative to humans) in veterinary medicine to treat the symptoms of Cushing's disease and cognitive dysfunction (Canine Cognitive Dysfunction)[9][10] in dogs.[11][12][13] As of June 26, 2006, a selegiline transdermal patch is being tested for its effectiveness in treating ADHD.[14]

Several clinical studies are currently underway to evaluate selegiline's effectiveness in helping people stop smoking tobacco or cannabis.[15][16]

Emsam

In February 2006 the US Food and Drug Administration approved Emsam (selegiline), the first transdermal patch for use in treating major depression. The once a day patch works by delivering selegiline through the skin and into the bloodstream. Emsam can be used without the dietary restrictions that are needed for all oral MAO inhibitors that are approved for treating major depression, although the FDA requires warnings concerning dietary restrictions for the 9 and 12 mg doses due to theoretical concerns not supported by any reports of adverse events.[2]

It comes in three sizes that deliver 6, 9, or 12 mg of selegiline per 24 hours. The patch is a matrix containing three layers consisting of a backing, an adhesive drug layer, and a release liner that is placed against the skin. EMSAM was developed by Somerset Pharmaceuticals. In December 2004, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Somerset entered into an agreement that provides Bristol-Myers Squibb with distribution rights to market EMSAM after approval in the United States.

Zelapar

Zelapar is a transmucosal preparation for human administration of selegiline. The quickly-dissolving lozenge is placed between cheek and gum and the medication enters the bloodstream directly. Because hepatic first-pass metabolism is bypassed, the effective dose is lower than oral (swallowed) selegiline. GI side effects are reportedly reduced compared to oral (swallowed) selegiline. Zelapar is manufactured by Valeant Pharmaceuticals.[17]

Adverse effects

Minor side effects such as dizziness, dry mouth, insomnia, muscle pain, rash, nausea and constipation have been seen. More serious side effects such as severe headache, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hallucinations, chorea, or difficulty breathing should be investigated by health professionals immediately.[18]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Selegiline is a selective inhibitor of MAO-B; MAO-B metabolizes dopamine and phenylethylamine.[19] Selegiline exhibits little therapeutic benefit when used independently, but enhances and prolongs the anti-Parkinson effects of levodopa.[20]

Selegiline also inhibits CYP2A6 and can increase the effects of nicotine as a result.[21]

Pharmacokinetics

Selegiline has a low oral bioavailability, which increases to moderate when ingested together with a high-fat meal, the molecule being fat soluble.[22]

Selegiline's oral bioavailability is drastically increased in females taking oral contraceptives (10- to 20-fold).[23] This could lead to loss of MAO-B selectivity in favor of an MAO-A selectivity, which in turn would make patients susceptible to the usual risks of unselective MAOIs such as tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis and serotonin toxicity when combined with serotonergics such as SSRIs.[23]

Metabolites

Desmethylselegiline

N-Desmethylselegiline may have neuroprotective antiapoptotic properties. A large multicenter study suggests a decrease in the disease progression of Parkinsonism but may have reflected other symptomatic response.[19] Desmethylselegiline is metabolized by CYP2C19.[24]

Levoamphetamine and levomethamphetamine

Selegiline is partly metabolized to levomethamphetamine (l-methamphetamine), one of the two enantiomers of methamphetamine, in vivo.[25] A characteristic metabolic pattern was noted, exemplified by a ratio of l-methamphetamine to l-amphetamine of about 2.8.[26] (L-amphetamine is a metabolite of l-methamphetamine.) These stereoisomers are moderately less psychoactive and have lower abuse potential compared to their dextro isomers.[27][28] However, l-methamphetamine possesses dose dependent neurotoxic effects, raising mixed concerns about selegiline therapy.[29][30] A newer antiparkinson MAO-B inhibitor, rasagiline, does not metabolize into l-methamphetamine and lacks these potentially neurotoxic actions.[31]

This metabolic pathway may cause persons taking selegiline to test positive for amphetamine or methamphetamine on drug screening tests.[32]

Interactions

Selegiline in combination with pethidine is not recommended as it can lead to severe adverse effects; selegiline in combination with the older non-selective MAOIs or in combination with the reversible MAO-A inhibitor moclobemide requires a low tyramine diet. The risk of a true serotonin syndrome with SSRIs and selegiline is quite low and the combination can be taken together without event if caution is used. However, combination of selegiline with fluoxetine can lead to severe reactions.[33]

Legal

Due to the structural similarity to amphetamine, selegiline has been classified as a controlled substance in Japan and thus can only be obtained with a prescription or special government license. Amphetamine and methamphetamine are illegal in the country.

In E for Ecstasy[34] (a book examining the uses of the street drug Ecstasy in the UK) the writer, activist and Ecstasy advocate Nicholas Saunders highlighted test results showing that certain consignments of the drug also contained selegiline. Consignments of Ecstasy known as "Strawberry" contained what Saunders described as a "potentially dangerous combination of ketamine, ephedrine and selegiline," as did a consignment of "Sitting Duck" Ecstasy tablets.[35]

Selegiline is not a controlled substance in the US, but a prescription is required to obtain it.

Chemistry

Selegiline, N-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)-2-methyl-1-phenylethyl-2-amine, is synthesized by the alkylation of (–)-methamphetamine using propargyl bromide.[36][37][38][39]

Selegiline synthesis.png

History

Selegiline was discovered in Hungary in the 1960s. József Knoll, a chair of pharmacology at the Semmelweis University in Budapest, was interested in the physiology of "drive" and the differences between high- and low-performing individuals. For his research, he required a molecule that combined amphetamine-like psychostimulant effect with a "psycho-energic" effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). To do that, he decided to combine in the same molecule the structural features of the MAOI pargyline and the psychostimulant amphetamine.

Knoll was a close friend of Mészáros, the research director of Chinoin, a Hungarian pharmaceutical company (later sold off to Sanofi). For this project, Mészáros put Knoll in contact with a chemist called Ecsery who worked in Chinoin in the field of phenethylamines. Ecsery made about 30 compounds, and Knoll selected the molecule of E-250 (deprenyl) based on its surprising properties. "The great discovery" (in Knoll's words) was that the new molecule did not increase blood pressure, unlike amphetamine, and moreover, it inhibited the blood pressure raising effect of amphetamine.

The first publication on deprenyl in Hungarian appeared in 1964, followed by a paper in English in 1965. Deprenyl is a racemic compound, a mixture of two isomers called enantiomers. For the further pharmaceutical development, Knoll chose the (−)-enantiomer of deprenyl, which caused less hypermotility than the opposite (+)-enantiomer. This (−)-enantiomer (l-deprenyl, R-deprenyl) later has come to be called selegiline.[40]

In 1971, Knoll showed that selegiline selectively inhibits the B-isoform of monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and proposed that it is unlikely to cause the infamous "cheese effect" (hypertensive crisis resulting from consuming foods containing tyramine) that plagues non-selective MAO inhibitors. A few years later, two Parkinson's researchers based in Vienna, Peter Riederer and Walther Birkmayer, realized that selegiline could be useful in Parkinson's disease. One of their colleagues, Prof. Moussa B.H. Youdim, visited Knoll in Budapest and took selegiline from him to Vienna. In 1975, the Birkmayer's group published the first paper on the effect of selegiline in Parkinson's disease.[40][41]

In 1967, a Hungarian psychiatrist Ervin Varga observed that racemic deprenyl given in large doses has an antidepressant action.[42] This study was largely forgotten until the 2000s (decade) when Somerset Pharmaceuticals developed a selegiline patch for depression.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ FDA Approves Emsam (Selegiline) as First Drug Patch for Depression
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ http://www.petplace.com/drug-library/selegiline-hcl-anipryl/page1.aspx
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (PDF)
  14. ↑ http://www.selegiline.com/adhd.html
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ http://www.valeant.com/researchAndDevelopment/pipeline/zelapar.jspf[full citation needed]
  18. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=medmaster&part=a697046[full citation needed]
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Katzung, Bertram G. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 9th Edition. 2004. page 453. Lange Medical Books - McGraw Hill Publishers.
  20. ↑ Katzung. Page 453
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ http://www.astm.org/JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/2587.htm[full citation needed]
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Saunders, N., & Heron, L., (1993) E for Ecstasy (Paperback), N. Saunders, London. (ISBN 0950162884)[page needed]
  35. ↑ See: [1] for details online.
  36. ↑ J. Knoll, E. Sanfai, DE 1568277  (1966).
  37. ↑ J. Hermann Nee Voeroes, Z. Ecsery, G. Sabo, L. Arvai, L. Nagi, O. Orban, E. Sanfai, U.S. Patent 4,564,706 (1986)
  38. ↑ B. Brunova, M. Ferenc, EP 344675  (1989)
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links


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