DC-SIGN

CD209 molecule
PDB rendering based on 1k9i.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1K9I, 1SL4, 1SL5, 2B6B, 2IT5, 2IT6, 2XR5, 2XR6
Identifiers
Symbols	CD209 ; CDSIGN; CLEC4L; DC-SIGN; DC-SIGN1
External IDs	OMIM: 604672 MGI: 2157942 HomoloGene: 128353 ChEMBL: 1795114 GeneCards: CD209 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein binding • mannose binding • carbohydrate binding • peptide antigen binding • virion binding • metal ion binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • plasma membrane • cell surface • membrane • integral component of membrane • extracellular exosome Biological process • stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway • endocytosis • heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules • leukocyte cell-cell adhesion • cell-cell recognition • modulation by virus of host morphology or physiology • virion attachment to host cell • viral genome replication • antigen processing and presentation • intracellular signal transduction • regulation of T cell proliferation • innate immune response • peptide antigen transport • intracellular transport of virus Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	30835	170780
Ensembl	ENSG00000090659	ENSMUSG00000040197
UniProt	Q9NNX6	Q91ZW7
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001144893	NM_130905
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001138365	NP_570975
Location (UCSC)	Chr 19: 7.74 – 7.75 Mb	Chr 8: 3.85 – 3.85 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin) also known as CD209 (Cluster of Differentiation 209) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD209 gene.

DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin receptor present on the surface of both macrophages and dendritic cells. DC-SIGN on macrophages recognises and binds to mannose type carbohydrates, a class of pathogen associated molecular patterns PAMPs commonly found on viruses, bacteria and fungi. This binding interaction activates phagocytosis. On myeloid and pre-plasmacytoid dendritic cells DC-SIGN mediates dendritic cell rolling interactions with blood endothelium and activation of CD4+ T cells, as well as recognition of pathogen haptens.

Function

DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin and has a high affinity for the ICAM3 molecule. It binds various microorganisms by recognizing high-mannose-containing glycoproteins on their envelopes and especially functions as receptor for several viruses such as HIV and Hepatitis C. Binding to DC-SIGN can promote HIV and Hepatitis C virus to infect T-cell from dendritic cells. Thus binding to DC-SIGN is an essential process for HIV infection.

Besides functioning as an adhesion molecule, recent study has also shown that DC-SIGN can initiate innate immunity by modulating toll-like receptors, though the detailed mechanism is not yet known. DC-SIGN together with other C-type lectins is involved in recognition of tumors by dendritic cells. DC-SIGN is also a potential engineering target for dendritic cell based cancer vaccine.

Role in HIV infection

This molecule is involved in the initial stages of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, as the HIV gp120 molecule causes co-internalization of the DC-SIGN molecule and HIV virus particle (virion). The dendritic cell then migrates to the cognate lymphoid organ, whereupon recycling of the DC-SIGN/HIV virion complex to the cell periphery facilitates HIV infection of CD4⁺ T cells by interaction between DC-SIGN and ICAM-3.

Gene family

DC-SIGN/CD209 is an animal "C-lectin", a large and diverse family of proteins found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes most of which are functional lectins, meaning they bind carbohydrate ligands, and whose ligand-binding affinity requires calcium (hence "C-lectin"). Among the animal C-lectins, a subfamily known as the ASGR (asialoglycoprotein receptors) group contains several sub-sub-families, many of which are important to innate immunity.

A cluster of genes in both humans and mice contains three related members of the "DC Receptor" class, so named because of their homology to DC-SIGN. Of these, CD23 is, however, not expressed on dendritic cells but is a characteristic surface molecule of B lymphocytes, and LSectin (CLEC4G) is expressed on the sinusoidal endothelium of the liver. The third gene group consists of multiple paralogues of CD209. Thus, both primates and mice have multiple paralogues of CD209 more closely related to each other within the species than to their orthologous counterparts in the other species. Higher primates have at least three DC-SIGN genes, DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNL1 and DC-SIGNL2, although not all three are present in every species; DC-SIGNL2 has not been detected in humans. Eight paralogous of DC-SIGN have been reported in the laboratory mouse strain C57BL/6; these go by the names DC-SIGN,DC-SIGNR2...DC-SIGNR8. DC-SIGNR6 is a pseudogene. The genes labeled "DC-SIGN" in the human and mouse are thus not unique orthologues, although they resemble each other functionally and by being expressed on dendritic cells. Other members of the mouse CD209 gene group are differentially expressed on different cell types. For example, DC-SIGNR1 is expressed largely on macrophages in the marginal zones of the spleen and in the medulla of lymph nodes.

External links

• DC-SIGN at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.