Death to America
Death to America (Persian: مرگ بر آمریکا Marg bar Âmrikâ) (Arabic: الموت لأمريكا Al Mowt Li Âmrikâ) is an anti-American political slogan and chant which has been in use in Iran since the inception of the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[1] Ayatollah Khomeini, the first leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, popularized the term.[2] He opposed the chant for radio and television, but not for protests and other occasions.[3]
The literal meaning of the phrase is "Death to America". In most official Iranian translations, the phrase is translated into English as the less offensive "Down with America".[4][5] The chant "Death to America" has come to be employed by various anti-American groups and protesters worldwide.[6] Another similar slogan formerly used in Iran was "Death to the Soviet Union".[3] In a speech to university students, Khamenei interpreted the slogan as "death to the U.S.'s policies, death to arrogance".[7]
Overview
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Following the fall of the pro-American Pahlavi dynasty in early 1979, Iranian protesters regularly shouted "Death to America" and "Death to the Shah" outside the U.S. embassy in Tehran, including the day the embassy was seized on November 4, 1979, which commenced the Iran hostage crisis.[8] Throughout the crisis, Iranians surrounding the embassy chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Carter."[9] When Iran released the remaining 52 American hostages on January 20, 1981, they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines that shouted "Death to America" as they boarded the airplane that would fly them out of Tehran.[10]
Throughout the existence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the slogan has formed a pillar of its revolutionary values.[4] It is regularly chanted at Friday prayers and other public events, which is often accompanied by a burning of the flag of the United States.[5] These events include the November 4 anniversary of the U.S. embassy seizure, which Iranian leaders declared in 1987 as a national holiday, called "Death to America Day."[11] State-sponsored murals that feature the slogan "Death to America" are common in Iranian cities, particularly Tehran.[12]
On March 21, 2015, Iran's supreme leader Ali Khamenei backed and shouted the phrase 'Death to America' while addressing a public gathering in Iran, during the holiday of Nowruz.[13][14][15] In a statement published on his website on November 3, 2015, Khamenei said: "It goes without saying that the slogan does not mean death to the American nation; this slogan means death to the US's policies, death to arrogance."[16][17]
Use outside of Iran
Supporters of Hezbollah, the Shi'a Islamic militant group based in Lebanon that is closely aligned to Iran, regularly chant "Death to America" in street demonstrations.[18] A week before the March 20, 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah declared, "In the past, when the Marines were in Beirut, we screamed, 'Death to America!' Today, when the region is being filled with hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, 'Death to America!' was, is and will stay our slogan."[19]
The slogan of the Houthis, a Shiite rebel group in Yemen also supported by Iran,[20] is "God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, A curse upon the Jews, Victory to Islam."[21]
Interpretation and meaning
Mohammad Nahavandian, chief of staff for Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has said that:
If you go and ask anyone who uses that slogan [...] what he is against, it is interference in Iran's policies by overthrowing a nationally elected prime minister at the time of Mossadegh. For them, what they are against is the kind of government who shoots an airplane full of innocent passengers" (referring to the 1988 downing of an Iranian airliner by an American naval vessel). "For them, it's not the people of America, per se. For them, they are opposed to that sort of policy, that sort of attitude, that sort of arrogance. It's not a nation. It's a system of behavior."[22]
"Regarding the words 'Death to America', we mean American politics, not the American people", says Hussein al Hamran, head of Foreign Relations for Ansar Allah (Houthis).[23] Ali al-Bukhayti, a former spokesperson and official media face of the Houthis, has said: "We do not really want death to anyone. The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments [i.e. US, and Israel]".[24]
References
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- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Arash Karami: Khomeini Orders Media to End ‘Death to America’ Chant, Iran Pulse, October 13, 2013
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- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Herbst, p. 6-7
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- ↑ Bowden, p. 584
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