Dynastic race theory

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The dynastic race theory was the earliest thesis to attempt to explain how predynastic Egypt developed into the sophisticated monarchy of Dynastic Egypt. The theory holds that the earliest roots of the Ancient Egyptian dynastic civilisation were imported by invaders from Mesopotamia who then founded the First Dynasty and brought culture to the indigenous population. This theory had strong supporters in the Egyptological community in the first half of the 20th century, but has since lost mainstream support.

Origins

In the early 20th century, Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie deduced that skeletal remains found at pre-dynastic sites at Naqada (Upper Egypt) indicated the presence of two different races, with the Dynastic Race, also referred to as the "Followers of Horus",[1] differentiated physically by a noticeably larger skeletal structure and cranial capacity.[2] Petrie concluded that the physical differences of the remains in conjunction with the previously unknown burials styles, uncharacteristic tomb architecture, and abundance of foreign artifacts, implied this race must have been an invading ruling elite that was responsible for the seemingly sudden rise of Egyptian civilization. Based on plentiful cultural evidence, Petrie determined that the invader race had come from Mesopotamia, and imposed themselves on the native Badarian culture to become their rulers. Petrie adduced new architectural styles — the distinctly Mesopotamian "niched-facade" architecture — pottery styles, cylinder seals and a few artworks, as well as numerous Predynastic rock and tomb paintings depicting Mesopotamian style boats, symbols, and figures.

This came to be called the “Dynastic Race Theory”[3][4] The theory further argued that the Mesopotamians then conquered both Upper and Lower Egypt and founded the First Dynasty. Predynastic and First Dynasty burial sites similar to Naqada were also found at Abydos, Sakkara, and Hieraconpolis.[1]

Versions of the Dynastic race model were adopted by scholars as L. A. Waddell,[5] and Walter Bryan Emery, a former Chair of Egyptology at University College London.

Decline

The Dynastic Race Theory is no longer an accepted thesis in the field of Predynastic Archaeology. While it is still accepted the Naqada II culture borrowed abundantly from Mesopotamia, there does not exist any clean break in material culture between Naqada I and Naqada II to indicate the native culture was being supplanted by invaders[6] Such borrowings are much older than the Naqada II period,[7] the Naqada II period had a large degree of continuity with the Naqada I period,[8] and the changes which did happen during the Naqada periods happened over significant amounts of time.[9] More modern technologies allowed the investigation of the DNA of Egyptian peoples and also found no evidence of significant Mesopotamian ancestry.[4][10][11] The results of some studies have suggested that “state formation occurred as a mainly indigenous process”, although significant differences in morphology indicated migration along the Nile Valley also took place.[12] The Dynastic Race theory has been largely replaced by the theory Egypt was a hydraulic empire.

In Afrocentrism

In the 1950s, when the Dynastic Race Theory was widely accepted by mainstream scholarship, the Senegalese Egyptologist Cheikh Anta Diop was publicising his theory that the Ancient Egyptians were “Black Africans”. Diop “paid special attention to the emergence of the Dynastic Race Theory”, and claimed that European scholars supported this theory to avoid having to admit that the Ancient Egyptians were black and to charactise them as "Semitic" or "Caucasian".[13] Other prominent Afrocentrists, including Martin Bernal, later also argued against the Dynastic Race Theory in favour of a “Black Egyptian” model.[14] The most recent contributor to an Afrocentric model of the Ancient Egyptians is by Segun Magbagbeola,[15] who included information from Nuwaupu in his book Black Egyptians.[15] Afrocentrists particularly condemn the alleged dividing of African peoples into racial clusters as being new versions of the Dynastic Race Theory and the Hamitic hypothesis.[16]

Revival

A version of the theory has been revived by some modern scholars, most notably David Rohl,[17] and Michael Rice,[18] who have advanced reasons in support of a Mesopotamian origin of Dynastic Egypt in books such as Rohl's Legend-The Genesis of Civilisation and Rice's Egypt's Making.

According to Rohl, "There is little evidence of kingship and its rituals very much before the beginning of the 1st Dynasty; no signs of the gradual development of metal working, art, monumental architecture and writing – the defining criteria of early civilisation. Much of what we know about the pharaohs and their complex culture seems to come into existence in a flash of inspiration."[19] Rohl believes the catalyst for this sudden development was the influx of a Mesopotamian "foreign elite" who made their way to Egypt by sailing around the coastline of the Arabian Peninsula into the Red Sea ultimately dragging their boats across the desert to the Nile. Rohl notes numerous pre-dynastic rock carvings found in several locations from Wadi Abbad to Abydos which depict large Mesopotamian style boats with crews of up to 75, some of which appear being pulled across land.[20] Rohl believes the most dramatic evidence to support this theory is the sudden introduction of distinctly Sumerian "niched-facade" architecture found in several pre-dynastic sites including Abydos and Sakkara. He says, "It is highly improbable that such specialized building techniques were independently invented in two widely separated regions at the same historical period without cultural transmission.[21]

In addition to the evidence available to Petrie et al., proponents also point out similarities in the names of divinities and places in the religious beliefs of the two cultures, and in depictions of regalia. For example the primeval mound of the Egyptian first creation was called the Island of Nun, and was surrounded by the Waters of Nun, while the Sumerian name for the great temple in their original city of Eridu was Nun.ki – the 'Mighty Place' – and it was built on an island in the reed swamps. Several scholars have also noted that the name Osiris is a Greek pronunciation, and that the god would have been called Asar in Egyptian, while the Sumerian god of the Eridu area was also called Asar (the Babylonian Marduk.).[22] The Uruk period of Ancient Mesopotamia (4100–2900 BC calibrated) predates the Naqada II period of Ancient Egypt (3500-3200 BC) and indeed there is evidence of colonies of this Uruk civilization over a wide area — from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as Central Iran.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Emery, W.B. Archaic Egypt, Penguin Books, 1987 0-14-020462-8
  2. ↑ Derry, D.E., The Dynastic Race in Egypt, Journal of Egyptian Archeology, vol 42, 1956
  3. ↑ Mary R. Lefkowitz, Guy MacLean Rogers, Black Athena Revisited, pg65
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Early dynastic Egypt, by Toby A. H. Wilkinson, pg 15
  5. ↑ Egyptian Civilization Its Sumerian Origin and Real Chronology, by L. A. Waddell
  6. ↑ Redford, Egypt, Israel, p. 17.
  7. ↑ Redford, Donald B., Egypt, Israel, and Canaan in Ancient Times (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 13.
  8. ↑ Gardiner, Alan. Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford: University Press, 1961), p. 392.
  9. ↑ Shaw, Ian. and Nicholson, Paul, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (London: British Museum Press, 1995), p. 228.
  10. ↑ Prehistory and Protohsitory of Egypt, Emile Massoulard, 1949
  11. ↑ Yurco, “Black Athena Revisited”, by Mary R. Lefkowitz, Guy MacLean Rogers
  12. ↑ Sonia R. Zakrzewski: Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state - Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton (2003)
  13. ↑ Epic encounters: culture, media, and U.S. interests in the Middle East – 1945-2000 by Melani McAlister
  14. ↑ Heresy in the University: the Black Athena controversy and the Responsibilities of American Intellectuals. By Jacques Berlinerblau, pg 158
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ History of Philosophy (3 Vols. Set), by William Turner , pg 8
  17. ↑ Legend – The Genesis of Civilisation, by David Rohl ::: http://www.davidrohl.com/dynastic_race_11.html
  18. ↑ Egypt's making: the origins of ancient Egypt, 5000-2000 BC, by Michael Rice
  19. ↑ Rohl, David M., Legend the Genesis of Civilisation (Arrow Books Limited, 1998), p. 253
  20. ↑ Rohl, David M., Legend the Genesis of Civilisation (Arrow Books Limited, 1998), p. 253-302
  21. ↑ Rohl, David M., Legend the Genesis of Civilisation (Arrow Books Limited, 1998), p. 332
  22. ↑ Dictionary of Ancient Deities, by Patricia Turner, Charles Russell Coulter
  23. ↑ Algaze, Guillermo (2005) "The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization", (Second Edition, University of Chicago Press)
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