EPUB

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For publications that are accessed electronically, see Electronic article.
Electronic Publication (EPUB)
EPUB logo.svg
Filename extension .epub
Internet media type application/epub+zip
Magic number PK 0x03 0x04
Developed by International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)
Initial release September 2007; 17 years ago (2007 -09)
Latest release
3.0.1
(June 26, 2014; 10 years ago (2014-06-26)[1])
Type of format e-book file format
Contained by OEBPS Container Format (OCF; Zip)
Extended from Open eBook, XHTML, CSS, DTBook
Standard ISO/IEC TS 30135
Open format? Yes
Website www.idpf.org/epub

EPUB is an e-book file format with the extension .epub that can be downloaded and read on devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or e-readers. It is a free and open standard published by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). The term is short for electronic publication and is sometimes styled ePub. EPUB became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older Open eBook standard.[2] The Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing industry should rally around a single standard.[3] EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based (as opposed to PDF) e-book format; that is, it is supported by the largest number of hardware readers.

It is also widely used on many software readers such as iBooks on iOS and Google Books on Android. iBooks also supports the proprietary iBook format, which is based on the EPUB format but depends upon code from the iBooks app to function.[4]

EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) approved in September 2010.[5] The EPUB 3.0 specification was published in November 2014. New major features include support for precise layout or specialized formatting, such as for comic books,[6] and MathML support.

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Features

The format and many readers support the following:

  • Reflowable document—optimize text for a particular display, and also support fixed-layout content[7] Fixed-layout pre-paginated content can be useful for certain kinds of highly designed content, such as illustrated books intended only for larger screens, such as tablets.[8]
  • Like an HTML web site, the format supports inline raster and vector images, metadata, and CSS styling.
  • Page bookmarking
  • Passage highlighting and notes
  • A library that stores books and can be searched
  • Re-sizable fonts, and changeable text and background colors
  • Support for a subset of MathML[9]
  • Digital rights management—can contain digital rights management (DRM) as an optional layer[10]

The EPUB specification does not enforce or suggest a particular DRM scheme. This could affect the level of support for various DRM systems on devices and the portability of purchased e-books. Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a single standard format and confusing the consumer.[11]

Implementation

An EPUB file is a ZIP archive that contains, in effect, a website—including HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. It also contains metadata. EPUB 3 is the latest version. By using HTML5, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just like websites in web browsers.[8]

Container

An ePub publication is delivered as a single file. This file is an unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated resources.[12]

An OCF Abstract Container defines a file system model for the contents of the container. The file system model uses a single common root directory for all contents in the container. All (non-remote) resources for publications are in the directory tree headed by the container's root directory, though EPUB mandates no specific file system structure for this. The file system model includes a mandatory directory named META-INF that is a direct child of the container's root directory. META-INF stores container.xml.

The first file in the archive must be the mimetype file. It must be uncompressed so that non-ZIP utilities can read the mimetype. The mimetype file must be an ASCII file that contains the string application/epub+zip. It must be unencrypted, and the first file in the ZIP archive. This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.[12]

An example file structure:

--ZIP Container--
mimetype
META-INF/
  container.xml
OEBPS/
  content.opf
  chapter1.xhtml
  ch1-pic.png
  css/
    style.css
    myfont.otf
  toc.ncx

There must be a META-INF directory containing container.xml. This file points to the file defining the contents of the book, the OPF file, though additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed.[12] Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named OEBPS. An example container.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<container version="1.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">
  <rootfiles>
    <rootfile full-path="OEBPS/content.opf" media-type="application/oebps-package+xml"/>
  </rootfiles>
</container>

Publication

The ePUB container must contain:[13]

  • At least one content document.
  • One navigation document.
  • It may contain zero or more style sheets.
  • It may contain zero or more PLS Documents.
  • It may contain zero or more media overlay documents.
  • One package document listing all publication resources. This file should use the file extension .opf. It contains metadata, a manifest, fallback chains, bindings, and a spine. This is an ordered sequence of ID references defining the default reading order.

Contents

Content documents include:[14] HTML 5 content, navigation documents, SVG documents, scripted content documents, and fixed layout documents. Contents also include CSS and PLS documents. Navigation documents supersedes the NCX grammar used in EPUB 2.

Media overlays

  • Books with synchronized audio narration are created in EPUB 3 by using media overlay documents to describe the timing for the pre-recorded audio narration and how it relates to the EPUB Content Document markup. The file format for Media Overlays is defined as a subset of SMIL.[15]

Software

Many editors exist including Adobe InDesign, calibre, LaTeX, and Genebook. An open source tool, called epubcheck, can be used for validating and detecting errors in the structural markup (OCF, OPF, OPS), image, and XHTML files; the tool can either be run from the command line or used in applications or webapps as a library; it is also available on EPUB Validator.

Readers exist for all major hardware platforms, including Google Play Books and iBooks.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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