Eastern box turtle

Eastern box turtle
Male Eastern Box Turtle
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Family:	Emydidae
Genus:	Terrapene
Species:	T. carolina
Subspecies:	T. c. carolina
Trinomial name
Terrapene carolina carolina (Linnaeus, 1768)
Synonyms
Testudo carolina Linnaeus, 1758 Testudo carinata Linnaeus, 1758 Testudo brevicaudata Lacépède, 1788 Testudo incarcerata Bonnaterre, 1789 Testudo incarceratostriata Bonnaterre, 1789 Testudo clausa Gmelin, 1789 Testudo virgulata Latreille, 1801 Testudo caroliniana Daudin, 1801 (ex errore) Emydes clausa Brongniart, 1805 Emys clausa – Schweigger, 1812 Emys schneideri Schweigger, 1812 Emys virgulata – Schweigger, 1812 Didicla clausa – Rafinesque, 1815 Terrapene clausa – Merrem, 1820 Monoclida kentukensis Rafinesque, 1822 Cistudo clausa Say, 1825 Terrapene carolina Bell, 1825 Terrapene maculata Bell, 1825 Terrapene nebulosa Bell, 1825 Terraphene clausa – Gray, 1825 Terrapene virgulata – Fitzinger, 1826 Emys tritentaculata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1829 (nomen nudum) Emys (Cistuda) carolinae Gray, 1831 (ex errore) Emys kinosternoides Gray, 1831 Testudo irregulata Daudin, 1831 (nomen nudum) Cistuda carolina – Gray, 1831 Didicla clausa – Rafinesque, 1832 Emys cinosternoides A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835 (ex errore) Emys schneiderii A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835 (ex errore) Testudo incarceratastriata A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835 (ex errore) Cinosternon clausum – Henle, 1839 Pyxidemys clausa – Fitzinger, 1843 Terrapene carolina maculata – LeConte, 1854 Terrapene carolina nebulosa – LeConte, 1854 Cistudo carolinensis Gray, 1856 (ex errore) Cistudo carolina – Agassiz, 1857 Cistudo virginea Agassiz, 1857 Terrapene carinata – Strauch, 1862 Cistudo eurypygia Cope, 1869 Cistudo carinata – Garman, 1884 Cistudo carolina var. cinosternoides – Boulenger, 1889 Cinosternum clausum – Hoffmann, 1890 Cistudo cinosternoides – Garman, 1892 Terrapene eurypygia – O.P. Hay, 1902 Terrapene cinosternoides – Siebenrock, 1909 Terrapene carolina carolina – Stejneger & Barbour, 1917 Terrapene cardlina Proctor, 1922 (ex errore) Terepene carolina – Breder, 1924 Terrapene kinosternoides – Lindholm, 1929 Terrapene caritana Schmidt, 1953 (ex errore) Terrapene carolinensis – Schmidt, 1953 Terrapene carolinina Schmidt, 1953 (ex errore)

The Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) is a subspecies within a group of hinge-shelled turtles, normally called box turtles. T. c. carolina is native to an eastern part of the United States.

The eastern box turtle is a subspecies of one of two species of box turtles found in the United States. It is the only "land turtle" found in North Carolina, where it is the state reptile. Box turtles are slow crawlers, extremely long lived, slow to mature, and have relatively few offspring per year. These characteristics, along with a propensity to get hit by cars and agricultural machinery, make all box turtle species particularly susceptible to anthropogenic, or human-induced, mortality.

In 2011, citing "a widespread persistent and ongoing gradual decline of Terrapene carolina that probably exceeds 32% over three generations", the IUCN downgraded its conservation status from Near Threatened to Vulnerable.

Description

Eastern box turtles have a high, dome-like carapace and a hinged plastron that allows total shell closure. The carapace can be of variable coloration, but is normally found brownish or black and is accompanied by a yellowish or orangish radiating pattern of lines, spots or blotches. Skin coloration, like that of the shell, is variable, but is usually brown or black with some yellow, orange, red, or white spots or streaks. This coloration closely mimics that of the winter leaf of the tulip poplar. In some isolated populations, males may have blue patches on their cheeks, throat, and front legs. Furthermore, males normally possess red eyes (irises) whereas females usually display brown eyes. Eastern box turtles feature a sharp, horned beak, stout limbs, and their feet are webbed only at the base. Eastern box turtles have 5 toes on each front leg, and normally 4 toes on each hind leg, although some individuals may possess 3 toes on each hind leg. Staying small in size, most range from 4.5 to 6 inches, but occasionally reach over 7 inches. In the wild, box turtles are known to live over 100 years, but in captivity, often live much shorter lives.

Eastern Box Turtle in Florida

Eastern box turtles have many uniquely identifying characteristics which separate them from North American tortoises and water turtles. While the female's plastron is flat, in males it is concave so the male may fit over the back end of the female's carapace during mating. The front and back of the plastron are connected by a flexible hinge. When in danger, the turtle is able to close the plastron by pulling the hinged sections closely against the carapace, effectively sealing the soft body in bone. The shell is made of bone covered by living vascularized tissue and covered with a layer of keratin. This shell is connected to the body through its fused rib cage which makes the shell permanently attached and not removable.

When injured or damaged, the shell has the capacity to regenerate and reform. Granular tissue slowly forms and keratin slowly grows underneath the damaged area to replace damaged and missing scutes. Over time, the damaged area falls off, revealing the new keratin formed beneath it. Unlike water turtles such as the native eastern painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), box turtle scutes continue to grow throughout the turtle's life and develop growth rings. Water turtles typically shed their scutes as they grow.

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  Eastern box turtles laying eggs

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  Adult male, eastern box turtle

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  Young box turtle

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  Tomlinson Run State Park, WV

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  Shenandoah National Park, Virginia

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  Plastron fully closed

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  T. c. carolina at the Louisville Zoo

Distribution and habitat

The eastern box turtle is found mainly in the eastern United States, as is implied by its name. They occur as far north as southern Maine and the southern and eastern portions of the Michigan Upper Peninsula, south to southern Florida and west to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the northern parts of their range, they are rarely found above 1,000 feet in elevation, while they may be found up to 6,000 feet in the southern parts of their range. The eastern box turtle is considered uncommon to rare in the Great Lakes region; however, populations can be found in areas not bisected by heavily traveled roads. In the Midwest, they are a Species of Concern in Ohio, and of Special Concern in Michigan and Indiana. Eastern box turtles prefer deciduous or mixed forested regions, with a moderately moist forest floor that has good drainage. Bottomland forest is preferred over hillsides and ridges. They can also be found in open grasslands, pastures, or under fallen logs or in moist ground, usually moist leaves or wet dirt. They have also been known to take "baths" in shallow streams and ponds or puddles, and during hot periods may submerge in mud for days at a time. However, if placed in water that is too deep (completely submerged), they may drown.

Behavior and diet

The eating habits of eastern box turtles vary greatly due to individual taste, temperature, lighting, and their surrounding environment. Unlike warm-blooded animals, their metabolism doesn't drive their appetite, instead, they can just lessen their activity level, retreat into their shells and halt their food intake until better conditions arise. In the wild, eastern box turtles are opportunistic omnivores and will feed on a variety of animal and vegetable matter. There are a variety of foods which are universally accepted by eastern box turtles, which include earthworms, snails, slugs, grubs, beetles, caterpillars, grasses, fallen fruit, berries, mushrooms, flowers, bread, duck weed, and carrion. Studies at Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary in Maryland have also shown that eastern box turtles have fed on live birds that were trapped in netting. Many times, they will eat an item of food, especially in captivity, just because it looks and smells edible, such as hamburger or eggs even though the food may be harmful or unhealthy. Box turtles are also known to have consumed poisonous fungi making their flesh inedible by native American hunter gatherers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that hatchling box turtles are more carnivorous than their sub adult and adult versions. There is as yet no concrete evidence to support this theory.

In captivity

Thousands of box turtles are collected from the wild every year for the domestic pet trade, primarily from South Carolina, the only remaining state where they can legally be captured from the wild and sold for profit. Captive turtles may have a life span as short as three days if they aren't fed, watered, and held in a proper container. The vivid shell color found in many eastern box turtles often fades when a turtle is brought into captivity. This has led to the mistaken belief that the color fades as the turtle ages. The truth is that insufficient access to full sunlight causes the color in the keratin layer to fade. The eastern box turtle is protected throughout most of its range but many states allow the capture and possession of box turtles for personal use. Captive breeding is fairly commonplace, but not so much that it can supply the market demand. Although box turtles may make hardy captives if their needs are met, and are frequently kept as pets, they are not easy turtles to keep, owing to their many specific requirements. Eastern box turtles require high humidity, warm temperatures with vertical and horizontal thermal gradients, suitable substrate for burrowing, and full spectrum ultraviolet lighting that mimics sunlight. A basking area at one end of the enclosure is important to offer the turtle the ability to warm itself and is critical to sexually mature males and females for development of sperm and egg follicles respectively.

Therefore, a large, easily accessible water dish for bathing and drinking is important to their health. Water should be fresh and clean and available at all times. Because box turtles seldom get the nutrients they need to foster shell growth and skeletal and skin development, they also may require vitamin supplements to keep them healthy such as calcium, vitamin A, and folic acid. Captive diets include various live invertebrates such as crickets, worms, earthworms, grubs, beetles and larvae, cockroaches, small mice as well as wild strawberries, and fish (not goldfish). Mixed berries, fruit, romaine lettuce, collard greens, dandelion greens, chicory, mushrooms and clover are suitable for box turtles as well. While some high quality, moist dog foods may be occasionally offered, whole animals are preferable. Reptomin is a suitable food for hatchling and immature/subadult box turtles.

State reptiles

"The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster 'hares' run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State’s unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals."

North Carolina Secretary of State

The eastern box turtle is the official state reptile of two U.S. states: North Carolina (which gives rise to the species and subspecies name carolina carolina) and Tennessee. In Pennsylvania, the eastern box turtle made it through one house of the legislature, but failed to win final naming in 2009. In Virginia, bills to honor the eastern box turtle failed in 1999 and then in 2009. For the most recent failure, a Republican legislator criticized the creature for being cowardly because of its shell. However, the main problem in Virginia was that the creature was too closely linked to neighbor state North Carolina.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

• Diet and Feeding Your Box Turtle
• Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management
• Eastern Box Turtle Informationde:Carolina-Dosenschildkröte