Emergency circulating notes

Emergency circulating notes of various denominations

Emergency circulating notes were currency printed by the Philippine Commonwealth Government in exile during World War II. These "guerrilla pesos" were printed by local government units and banks using crude inks and materials. Due to the inferior quality of these bills, they were easily mutilated.

The Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic under Jose P. Laurel outlawed possession of guerrilla currency and declared a monopoly on the issuance of money and anyone found to possess guerrilla notes could be arrested or even executed.

Types

Apayao

Apayao was one of the sub-provinces which comprised the Mountain Province during World War II. In the remote sub-province of Apayao, Deputy Governor Milton Ayochok assumed, the authority granted by Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon to print emergency currency. On September 11, 1942, the Apayao Provincial Board authorized the printing of currency to provide for the budget for fiscal year 1942-1943. A Currency Committee was formed composed of Deputy Governor Ayochok as Chairman, with Deputy Treasurer M. Medina and Deputy Auditor F.A. Enciso as members.

First Issue (1942)

The First Issue was printed from hand-engraved plates. Records state that a total of PHP 105,495 was issued. Printing probably took place at Kabugao, its provincial capital in conjunction with the printing of the Cagayan fourth issue.

Second Issue (1943)

The Second Issue was produced by mimeograph. Official records of this issue were captured by the Japanese. Known serial numbers would indicate that this issue equaled or possibly exceeded the previous issue and was probably intended for the fiscal year 1943-1944 budget.

Bohol

On May 22, 1942, Japanese occupation forces established garrisons at Tagbilaran, the capital and Guindulman where they operated manganese mines. On January 9, 1943, resistance officers and provincial officials who had not surrendered established a "free" government with Conrado D. Marapao as Governor. Eventually its jurisdiction was established over 34 of the 35 municipalities. Just prior to the surrender, President Quezon had authorized Bohol to issue PHP 150,000 in emergency currency. This authority was the basis for printing currency to finance the free government and the resistance force. The Currency Board consisted of Provincial Auditor Dalmatio Ramos as Chairman, with Provincial Fiscal Jose C. Borromeo and Acting Provincial Treasurer Doreteo Toledo as members. In June 1943, radio contact was established with President Quezon who authorized an additional PHP 200,000. In September, President Quezon authorized an additional One Million Pesos. The printing took place at the Municipality of Carmen. Notes were printed in black on manila paper of varying thickness, except for a few hundred notes on white paper. Serial numbers were applied in two different styles of type.

Gallery

• Negocc.jpg

  1-peso Negros Occidental denomination

• Negor.jpg

  1-peso Negros Oriental denomination

• PNB Iloilo 20 Peso Note and Counterfeit.jpg

  20-peso Iloilo denomination and Roosevelt counterfeit

The portrait printed on the Negros Occidental bill is that of Manuel L. Quezon, the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. occupation rule.

See also

• Philippine peso
• Japanese government-issued Philippine fiat peso

External links

• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas - Philippine Central Bank Website
• Philippine Guerrilla Money and WWII Currency