Energy density Extended Reference Table

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This is extended version of energy density table from the main page energy density:

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary Antimatter 89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium-tritium fusion 576,000,000
Uranium-235 used in nuclear weapons 144,000,000 1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor 86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light water reactor 3,456,000 30%
Pu-238 α-decay 2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer 1,326,000 17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light water reactor 443,000 30%
Ta-180m isomer 41,340 689,964
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate) 33
Metallic Hydrogen (recombination energy) 216[1]
Lithium-air battery (battery) 43.2
Beryllium + Oxygen 23.9[2]
Lithium + Fluorine 23.75[citation needed]
Hydrogen + Oxygen 13.43[citation needed]
Octaazacubane potential explosive 22.9[3]
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed[citation needed] 9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive 8.5[4] 16.9[5]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed[citation needed] 8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] 8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed] 7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive 7[6]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] 6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed] 6.9 12.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed[citation needed] 6.6
Nitroglycerin 6.38[7] 10.2[8]
ANFO-ANNM[citation needed] 6.26
Octogen (HMX) 5.7[7] 10.8[9]
TNT [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.][citation needed] 4.610 6.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed] 4.13 20.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer) 4.00 18.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant) 2.7 3.8
battery, Lithium ion nanowire 2.54 29 95%[clarification needed][10]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[11] 2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8°C[citation needed][clarification needed] 1.968 0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator[clarification needed] 1.9 30
battery, Fluoride ion[citation needed] 1.7 2.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[12] 1.62
Hydrazine(toxic) decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6 1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.4 2.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt 1[citation needed] 98%[13]
Molecular spring approximate[citation needed] 1
battery, Sodium Sulfur .72[14] 1.23[citation needed] 85%[15]
battery, Lithium-manganese[16][17] 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
battery, Lithium ion[18][19] 0.46-0.72 0.83-3.6[20] 95%[21]
battery, Lithium Sulphur[22] 1.80[23] 1.80
battery (Sodium Nickel Chloride), High Temperature 0.56
battery, Silver-oxide[16] 0.47 1.8
Flywheel 0.36-0.5[24][25]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet[clarification needed] 0.4 3.2
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[26] 0.4 1.55
battery, Zinc-manganese (alkaline), long life design[16][18] 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
Liquid Nitrogen 0.349
Water - Enthalpy of Fusion 0.334 0.334
battery, Zinc Bromine flow (ZnBr)[27] 0.27
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), High Power design as used in cars[28] 0.250 0.493
battery, Nickel cadmium (NiCd)[18] 0.14 1.08 80%[21]
battery, Zinc-Carbon[18] 0.13 0.331
battery, Lead acid[18] 0.14 0.36
battery, Vanadium redox 0.09[citation needed] 0.1188 7070-75%
battery, Vanadium Bromide redox 0.18 0.252 80%–90%[29]
Capacitor Ultracapacitor 0.0199[30] 0.050[citation needed]
Capacitor Supercapacitor 0.01[citation needed] 80%–98.5%[31] 39%–70%[31]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage 0 0.008[32] >95%
Capacitor 0.002[33]
Neodymium magnet 0.003[34]
Ferrite magnet 0.0003[34]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring 0.0003[35] 0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

  1. ↑ http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122324589/abstract
  5. ↑ Octanitrocubane
  6. ↑ http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109618256/abstract
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Nitroglycerin
  9. ↑ HMX
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "duracell-Ag2O" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "duracell-Ag2O" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ A typically available lithium ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg [1]
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ High Energy Metal Hydride Battery
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 http://www2.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf
  32. ↑ [2] Archived February 16, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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