Environmental medicine
- Not to be confused with Clinical ecology (sometimes also called "environmental medicine").
Environmental medicine is a multidisciplinary field involving medicine, environmental science, chemistry and others, overlapping with environmental pathology. It may be viewed as the medical branch of the broader field of environmental health. The scope of this field involves studying the interactions between environment and human health, and the role of the environment in causing or mediating disease. As a specialist field of study it is looked upon with mixed feelings by physicians and politicians alike, for the basic assumption is that health is more widely and dramatically affected by environmental toxins than previously recognised.
Environmental factors in the causation of environmental diseases can be classified into:
- Physical
- Chemical
- Biological
- Social
- Any combination of the above
In the United States, the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (OCOEM) oversees board certification of physicians in environmental (and occupational) medicine. This board certification is recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.
Contents
Current focuses of environmental medicine
While environmental medicine is a broad field, some of the currently prominent issues include:
- The effects of ozone depletion and the resulting increase in UV radiation on humans with regards to skin cancer.
- The effects of nuclear accidents or the effects of a terrorist dirty bomb attack and the resulting effects of radioactive material and radiation on humans.
- The effects of chemicals on humans, such as dioxin, especially with regards to developmental effects and cancer.
- Radon gas exposure in individuals' homes.
- Air and water pollution on the health of individuals.
- Mercury poisoning and exposure to humans though including fish and sea life in their diet.
- Lead poisoning from leaded gasoline, paint, and plumbing.
- Water-borne diseases
- Food poisoning
- Indoor air quality
According to recent estimates about 5 to 10% of disease adjusted life years (DALY) lost are due to environmental causes. By far the most important factor is fine particulate matter pollution in urban air.[1]
Beyond the scope of environmental medicine
The fields of microbiology, which studies viruses, bacteria and fungi are not within the scope of environmental medicine, if the spread of infection is directly from human to human. However, infections that are water-borne (e.g. cholera and gastroenteritis caused by norovirus or campylobacteria), or food-borne, are typical concerns of environmental medicine. Its role is preventive as far as possible. Much of epidemiology, which studies patterns of disease and injury, is not within the scope of environmental medicine, but e.g. air pollution epidemiology is a highly active branch of environmental health and environmental medicine. In addition, any disease with a large genetic component usually falls outside the scope of environmental medicine, although in diseases like asthma or allergies both environmental and genetic approaches are needed.
Military "environmental medicine"
The U.S. Army has, since at least 1961, used the term "environmental medicine" in a sense different from the above. Its U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, at Natick, Massachusetts, conducts basic and applied research to determine how exposure to extreme heat, severe cold, high terrestrial altitude, military occupational tasks, physical training, deployment operations, and nutritional factors affect the health and performance of military personnel. Research on the effect of environmental pollutants on military personnel is not part of USARIEM's mission, but is within the purview of the U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research at Fort Detrick, Maryland.
See also
References
- ↑ EEA. National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project. http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1
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- Tuomisto, Jouko (2010). Arsenic to zoonoses. One hundred questions about the environment and health. http://en.opasnet.org/w/Arsenic_to_zoonoses
