Glossary of scientific naming

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This is a list of terms and symbols used in scientific names for organisms, and in describing the names. For proper parts of the names themselves, see glossary of scientific names. Note that many of the abbreviations are used with or without a stop.

Naming standards and taxonomic organizations and their codes and taxonomies

General terms

  • clade, cladistics
  • taxon, taxonomy (Taxon is a journal of the IAPT, where proposals are made)
  • phylum, phylogeny
  • synonym a name for a taxon different from the currently accepted name.
    • senior synonym, (zoology) the earliest (correctly published) name
    • junior synonym, (zoology) any later name
    • homotypic synonym (botany)
    • heterotypic synonym (botany)
    • objective synonym (zoology)
    • subjective synonym (zoology)
    • pro parte or p. p. - for part
  • Basionym original name on which the current name is based, in bacteriology basonym
  • combinatio nova (comb. nov.) new combination, when a taxon has been given a new name, preserving one of the previous components
  • status novus (stat. nov) new status - when a taxon has been given a new rank
  • homonym names spelled identically (in some codes similarly, as defined by the code)
    • senior homonym (zoo.) the first (legitimate) use of the name which generally takes priority
    • junior homonym (zoo.) - later homonym (bot.) a later and generally illegitimate use, though in some circumstances the later name is allowed to stand
    • parahomonym - a homonym across naming authorities, allowed since confusion is unlikely
  • Principle of the First Reviser
  • Principle of Priority
  • taxonomic authority
  • binomial authority
  • binomial nomenclature (also "binominal")
  • trinomial nomenclature (also "trinominal")
  • hybrid name (botany) either two parent binomials, separated by a '×' (q.v.) or a given binomial, with or without an intercalated '×'.
  • chresonym
  • taxon (pl taxa)
  • polyphyletic taxon
  • monophyletic taxon - a taxon consisting of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, a clade
  • paraphyletic taxon
  • species complex a group of closely related species very similar in appearance, generally constituting a monophyletic taxon
  • alliance a group of species or genera that have at sometime been considered provisionally related.
  • conspecific of the same species, for example of two taxa previously thought to be different species
  • congeners items of the same genus
  • circumscription the limits of a taxon as laid down by its description
  • sensu (Latin "sense") as in sensu stricto (in the strict sense), sensu lato (in a broad sense), etc. See sensu for more variants and details.
  • secundum - following, as in "Secundum Smith".

Types

Rank names

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Main article: Taxonomic rank

The main ranks are kingdom (regnum), phylum or division (divisio), class, order, family, genus and species. The ranks of section and series are also used in botany for groups within genera, while section is used in zoology for a division of an order. Further levels in the hierarchy can be made by the addition of prefixes such as sub-, super-, infra-, and so on.

Divisions such as "form", "variety", "strain", "breed", "cultivar" and "landrace" are used to describe various sub-specific groups in different fields.

It is possible for a clade to be unranked, for example Psoroptidia (Yunker, 1955) and the SAR supergroup.

Latin descriptions of names or taxa

Note that in zoology the English descriptions, such as "conserved name", for example, are acceptable and generally used.

  • nomen nudum (nom. nud.; plural: nomina nuda) – a name published without an accompanying description
  • nomen erratum - a name given in error
  • nomen dubium (nom. dub.; plural: nomina dubia) – a name of questionable application
  • nomen illegitimum (nom. illeg.; plural: nomina illegitima) – an illegitimate name
  • nomen conservandum (nom. cons.; plural: nomina conservanda) – a conserved name
  • nomen protectum (nom. prot.; plural: nomina protecta) – a name granted protection
  • nomen suppressum (nom. supp.; plural: nomina suppressa) – a name that has been suppressed and cannot be used
  • nomen rejiciendum (nom. rej.; plural: nomina rejicienda) – a name that has been rejected and cannot be used
  • nomen oblitum (nom. obl.; plural: nomina oblita) – a name which has been overlooked (literally, forgotten) and is no longer valid
  • nomen novum (nom. nov.; plural: nomina nova) – a replacement name
  • nomen vanum (plural: nomina vana) - a failed emendation
  • species inquirenda, a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation
  • incertae sedis – of uncertain placement
  • ex errore – made in error

Abbreviations and symbols

  • var. – variety
  • subvar. - subvariety
  • nothovar. -
  • sp. (plural spp.) – species
  • subsp. (plural subspp.) – subspecies
  • f. - forma or form.
  • subf. - subforma
  • cf. (confer) – indicates approximate placement
  • s.s. - sensu stricto
  • s.l. - sensu lato
  • † – extinct
  • × – cross – indicates a hybrid
  • + - indicates a graft hybrid

See also

Taxonomic ranks
Magnorder Section (zoo.)
Domain/Superkingdom Superphylum/Superdivision Superclass Superorder Superfamily Supertribe
Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Legion Order Family Tribe Genus Species
Subkingdom Subphylum Subclass Cohort Suborder Subfamily Subtribe Subgenus Subspecies
Infrakingdom/Branch Infraphylum Infraclass Infraorder Section (bot.) Variety
Microphylum Parvclass Parvorder Series Form
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