Fastest animals

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This is a list of the fastest animals in the world, grouped by types of animal.

Fastest organism

The fastest land animal is the cheetah which has a recorded speed of 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph).[1] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom with a speed of 389 km/h (242 mph).[2] The fastest animal in the sea is the black marlin, which has a recorded speed of 129 km/h (80 mph).[3]

While comparing between various classes of animals, a different unit is used, body length per second. The fastest animal on earth, relative to body length, is the South Californian mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis, which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second.[4] The equivalent speed for a human running as fast as this mite would be 1,300 mph (2,092 km/h).[5] This is far in excess of the previous record holder, the Australian tiger beetle, Cicindela eburneola, the fastest insect in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 1.86 metres per second (6.7 km/h; 4.2 mph) or 171 body lengths per second.[6] The cheetah, the fastest land mammal, scores at only 16 body lengths per second [4] while Anna's hummingbird has the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.

List of animals by speed
Sl.no Animal Maximum Speed Class Notes
1 Peregrine falcon 389 km/h (242 mph)[2][7] Bird The peregrine falcon is the fastest aerial animal, fastest animal in flight, fastest bird, and the overall fastest member of the animal kingdom. Though it is not fast enough in horizontal level flight, its hunting dive, the stoop, it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h).[2]
2 Golden eagle 240–320 km/h (150–200 mph) Bird
3 White-throated needletail swift 169 km/h (105 mph)[8][9][10] Bird
4 Eurasian hobby 160 km/h (100 mph)[11] Bird Can sometimes outfly the swift
5 Frigatebird 153 km/h (95 mph)[12] Bird
6 Rock dove (pigeon) 148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)[13] Bird Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.
7 Horsefly 145.0 km/h (90.1 mph)[14] Insect
8 Spur-winged goose 142 km/h (88 mph)[15] Bird
9 Red-breasted merganser 129 km/h (80 mph)[16] Bird
10 Black marlin 129 km/h (80 mph)[3] Fish A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).[3]
11 Gyrfalcon 128 km/h (80 mph) Bird
12 Grey-headed albatross 127 km/h (79 mph)[17][18][note 1] Bird
13 Cheetah 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)[lower-alpha 1] Mammal Fastest land-animal, fastest mammal, fastest feline, the cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited.[1]
14 Sailfish 109.19 km/h (67.85 mph) Fish
15 Anna's hummingbird 98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)[24] Bird
16[note 2] Swordfish 97 km/h (60 mph)[25] Fish
17[note 2] Ostrich 96.6 km/h (60 mph)[26] Bird
18 Mexican free-tailed bat.[27]
(in flight)		 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph)[lower-alpha 2] Mammal Tail wind is what allows free-tailed bats to reach such high speeds.[29]
19 Pronghorn 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[lower-alpha 3] Mammal
20 Springbok 88 km/h (55 mph)[34][35] Mammal
21[note 3] Blue wildebeest 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[lower-alpha 4] Mammal
22[note 3] Lion 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[39] Mammal
23 Blackbuck 80 km/h (50 mph)[34][40] Mammal
  1. ↑ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Swordfish and ostrich have approximately equal average recorded speeds.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The average recorded speeds of both blue wildebeest and lion are approximately equal.

Mammals

Animal Maximum speed Notes
Cheetah 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)[lower-alpha 5] The cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited: most cheetahs run for only 60 seconds at a time.[1] When sprinting, cheetahs spend more time in the air than on the ground.[41] See Sarah, the fastest cheetah.
Free-tailed bat
(in flight)		 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph)[lower-alpha 6] Some attribute such flying capabilities specifically to the Mexican free-tailed bat.[27] Tail wind is what allows free-tailed bats to reach such high speeds.[29]
Pronghorn 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[lower-alpha 7] The pronghorn (American antelope) is the fastest animal over long distances; it can run 56 km/h for 6 km (35 mph for 4 mi), 67 km/h for 1.6 km (42 mph for 1 mi), and 88.5 km/h for 0.8 km (55 mph for 0.5 mi).[1]
Springbok 88 km/h (55 mph)[34][35] The springbok, an antelope of the gazelle tribe in southern Africa,[35] can make long jumps and sharp turns while running. Unlike pronghorns, springboks are poor long-distance runners.[1]
Wildebeest 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[lower-alpha 8] The wildebeest, an antelope, exists as two species: the blue wildebeest and the black wildebeest. Both are extremely fast runners, which allows them to flee from predators.[38] They are better at endurance running than at sprinting.[37]
Lion 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[39] The lion (Panthera leo) It is the second fastest wild cat with a top running speed of 80.5 km/h though it lasts only for very short bursts and can be highly exhausting, hence they have to be close to their prey before starting the attack.[39]
Blackbuck 80 km/h (50 mph)[34][40] The blackbuck antelope can sustain speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) for over 1.5 km (0.93 mi) at a time.[40] Each of its strides (i.e., the distance between its hoofprints) is 5.8–6.7 m (19–22 ft).[34]
Hare 80 km/h (50 mph) Hares can reach maximum speeds of 35 mph (56 km/h)[42] in short distances of approximately 90 meters, and a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) for about 20 meters. Hares are very agile and have fast reflexes. Like other small mammals, they hide in woodland areas. Their rate of success in hiding is greatest at night. Hares eat leaves, woodbark, stems and sometimes dung.
Greyhound 74 km/h (46 mph)[lower-alpha 9] Greyhounds are the fastest dogs, and have primarily been bred for coursing game and racing.
Jackrabbit 72 km/h (45 mph)[lower-alpha 10] The jackrabbit's strong hind legs allow it to leap 3 m (9.8 ft) in one bound; some can even reach 6 m (20 ft).[52] Jackrabbits use a combination of leaps and zig-zags to outrun predators.[46]
African wild dog 71 km/h (44 mph)[lower-alpha 11] When hunting, African wild dogs can sprint at 66 km/h (41 mph) in bursts, and they can maintain speeds of 56–60 km/h (35–37 mph) for up to 4.8 km (3 mi).[56][57] Their targeted prey rarely escapes.[54]
Kangaroo 71 km/h (44 mph)[lower-alpha 12] The comfortable hopping speed for a kangaroo is about 21–26 km/h (13–16 mph), but speeds of up to 71 km/h (44 mph) can be attained over short distances, while it can sustain a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi).[59] The faster a kangaroo hops, the less energy it consumes (up to its cruising speed).[58]
Horse 70.76 km/h (43.97 mph)[60] The fastest horse speed was achieved by a Quarter horse. It reached 70.76 km/h (43.97 mph).
Onager 70 km/h (43 mph)[lower-alpha 13] The onager consists of several subspecies, which most likely share the same ability to run at high speeds.[63]
Thomson's gazelle 70 km/h (43 mph)[lower-alpha 14] Thomson's gazelles, being long-distance runners, can escape cheetahs by sheer endurance.[65] Their speed is partially due to their "stotting", or bounding leaps.[64]
Coyote 65 km/h (40 mph)[lower-alpha 15] Coyotes can easily reach 48 km/h (30 mph), and can sprint at 65 km/h (40 mph) when hunting.[67] Even when lacking a front foot, a coyote can still run at around 32 km/h (20 mph).[66]
Common dolphin 65 km/h (40 mph)[lower-alpha 16] Common dolphins are the fastest marine mammal. When reaching their top speed, they take very short breaths. As an example, fin whales, which are much larger, can empty and refill their lungs in 2 seconds
Zebra 64 km/h (40 mph)[lower-alpha 17] Zebras have a home range anywhere between 11 and 232 sq mi (28 and 601 km2) and they can travel 10 mi (16 km) a day while grazing.[72]
Tiger 64 km/h (40 mph)[lower-alpha 18] They live in jungles, and have been recorded going anywhere from 30 mph (48 km/h) to 40 mph (64 km/h), although only in short bursts.
Hyena 60 km/h (37 mph)[lower-alpha 19] The hyena can run up to 60 km/h (37 mph); some attribute this performance specifically to the spotted hyena.[76] They use their speed to chase their prey, sometimes traveling 15 mi (24 km) in a single chase.
Human Instantaneous max. 47.56 km/h (29.55 mph)

Avg max over fastest 10-20m - 45kmh/28 mph[77] Compared to other land animals, humans are exceptionally capable of endurance, but exceptionally incapable of great speed.

 *Usain Bolt set the 100 m world record at 9.58 seconds. His absolute fastest recorded speeds (between individual strides) during that sprint were 13.2 meters/second (29.55mp/47.52 km/h) between strides during the 50m to 70m intervals. Average overall maximum speeds over this 20m section of the race (where max speed is reached during approx. the middle) to 75m were 44–45 km/h (28 mph) before tapering from 75m onwards.[78]

In the absence of significant external factors, non-athletic humans tend to walk at about 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph) and run at about 5.1 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph).[80][81][82] Although humans are capable of walking at speeds from nearly 0 m/s to upwards of 2.5 m/s (9.0 km/h; 5.6 mph) and running 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) in 6.5 minutes, humans typically choose to use only a small range within these speeds.[83]
African elephant 40 km/h (25 mph)[84]

Birds

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See also: List of birds by flight speed
Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Peregrine falcon 389 km/h (242 mph)[2][7] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom. When in its hunting dive, the stoop, it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h). However, it does not hold first place when travelling in level flight.
Golden eagle

240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)

 In full stoop, a golden eagle can reach spectacular speeds of up to 240 to 320 kilometers per hour (150 to 200 mph) when diving after prey. Although less agile and maneuverable, the golden eagle is apparently quite the equal and possibly even the superior of the peregrine falcon’s stooping and gliding speeds.
White-throated needletail 169 km/h (105 mph)[8][9][10] The fastest-flying bird in flapping flight.
Eurasian hobby 160 km/h (100 mph)[11] It can sometimes even outfly birds such as the swift when hunting.
Frigatebird 153 km/h (95 mph)[12]

The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.
Spur-winged goose 142 km/h (88 mph)[15]
Red-breasted merganser 129 km/h (80 mph)[16]
Rock dove (pigeon) 148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)[13] Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.
Grey-headed albatross 127 km/h (79 mph)[17][18][note 1]
Anna's hummingbird 98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)[24] The stated speed equals 385 body lengths per second, the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.
Ostrich 96.6 km/h (60 mph)[26] The ostrich is the tallest and heaviest species of all living birds. Although its bulky body means that flying is out of the question, the ostrich has adapted to life on the ground with impressive agility. Ostriches are superb runners that can sprint at speeds of up to 45 mph (72 km/h)[85] on average, with a peak 60 mph (96.6 km/h) during short periods, with 12 foot strides. This also makes the ostrich the fastest animal on two legs. The ostrich is also an endurance runner and can jog at 30 mph (48 km/h) for as long as half an hour.
  1. ↑ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.

Reptiles

Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Bearded dragon 40 km/h (25 mph)[86] Bearded dragons are not dragons at all, but lizards.
Green Iguana 35 km/h (22 mph)[87] Green Iguanas are the largest lizards to dwell in trees, and are faster than the fastest snake can move along the ground.
Leatherback sea turtle 35.28 km/h (21.92 mph)[88] Leatherback turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle, with a large, teardrop-shaped body.
Black mamba 23 km/h (14 mph)[89]
Komodo dragon 21 km/h (13 mph)[90] Komodo dragons are also speedy reptiles. They can run briefly up to 13 mph (21 km/h) but prefer to hunt by stealth.[90]

Fish

Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Black marlin 129 km/h (80 mph)[3] A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).[3]
Sailfish 109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)[91] In a series of tests carried out in a fishing cam at Long Key, Florida, United States, sailfish swam and leapt 91 meters (300 feet) in 3 seconds, equivalent to a speed of 109 km/h (68 mph), although this speed includes leaps out of the water, which do not strictly qualify as swimming speed.[92]
Swordfish 97 km/h (60 mph)[25] The 60 mph (97 km/h) figure listed for the swordfish is based on a corrupted version of calculations made by Sir James Gray to estimate the impact speed necessary for a hypothetical 600-pound (270 kg) swordfish to embed its sword 3 feet in the timbers of ships, as has been known to occur; the figure seems to have entered the literature without question as though someone had actually timed a swordfish at that speed.[93]
Shortfin mako shark 72 km/h (45 mph)[94] Underwater and unimpeded by a fishing line, the Shortfin Mako has been reliably clocked at 31 miles (50 kilometres) per hour, and there is a claim that one individual of this species achieved a burst speed of 46 miles (74 kilometres) per hour. But it is extremely difficult to get a fish in the wild to swim in a straight line over a measured course. Laboratory measurements of numerous kinds of fishes — representing a wide range of body sizes — swimming against an artificial current have revealed a surprisingly uniform maximum burst speed of about 10 times the body length per second. Thus, for an average-sized, 6.5-foot (2-metre) Shortfin, its theoretical maximum speed might be something on the order of 45 miles (72 kilometres) per hour. Yet some estimates of the top-speed of a Shortfin Mako are considerably higher.[95]

Invertebrates

Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Horsefly 145.0 km/h (90.1 mph)[14]
Members of Loliginidae and Ommastrephidae 36 km/h (22 mph) Many of these species "fly" out of the water to escape danger. The Japanese flying squid can glide for 3 seconds over 30 metres.
Paratarsotomus macropalpis ~22 cm/s or 800 m/h
(8.7 in/s or 0.51 mph)		 0.7 mm long mite endemic to Southern California, tracked running up to 322 body lengths per second, equivalent to a human running at around 2,092 km/h (1,300 mph). It can stand temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F), which are lethal to many animals.[5][96]
Tiger beetle 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph)[6] The Australian tiger beetle Cicindela eburneola, is one of the fastest running insects in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph) or 171 body lengths per second.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Different sources cite different speeds; estimates include 96–120 km/h (60–75 mph),[1] 98 km/h (61 mph),[19] 100 km/h (62 mph),[20] 104 km/h (65 mph),[21] and 104.4 km/h (64.9 mph).[22][23] There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals, and claims of the cheetah running 114 km/h (71 mph) or faster have been discredited.[1][23]
  2. ↑ Estimates include 95 km/h (59 mph)[28] and 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph).[27][29]
  3. ↑ Estimates include "over 53 miles (86 kilometers) per hour",[30] 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph),[1][21] an "alleged top speed of 60 miles an hour [96.6 km/h]" (emphasis added),[31] 98 km/h (61 mph),[32] and "a top speed of about 100 km/hr [62 mph]" (emphasis added).[33]
  4. ↑ Estimates include 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically the black wildebeest),[36] "approximately 80 km/h or 50 mph",[37] and "over 50 miles per hour [80.5 km/h]" (specifically the blue wildebeest).[38]
  5. ↑ Different sources cite different speeds; estimates include 96–120 km/h (60–75 mph),[1] 98 km/h (61 mph),[19] 100 km/h (62 mph),[20] 104 km/h (65 mph),[21] and 104.4 km/h (64.9 mph).[22][23] There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals, and claims of the cheetah running 114 km/h (71 mph) or faster have been discredited.[1][23]
  6. ↑ Estimates include 95 km/h (59 mph)[28] and 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph).[27][29]
  7. ↑ Estimates include "over 53 miles (86 kilometers) per hour",[30] 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph),[1][21] an "alleged top speed of 60 miles an hour [96.6 km/h]" (emphasis added),[31] 98 km/h (61 mph),[32] and "a top speed of about 100 km/hr [62 mph]" (emphasis added).[33]
  8. ↑ Estimates include 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically the black wildebeest),[36] "approximately 80 km/h or 50 mph",[37] and "over 50 miles per hour [80.5 km/h]" (specifically the blue wildebeest).[38]
  9. ↑ Estimates include 67 km/h (42 mph),[43] 68.4 km/h (42.5 mph),[44] and 69 km/h (43 mph).[21]
  10. ↑ Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph),[45][46] 70 km/h (43 mph),[47]:237[48] and 72 km/h (45 mph) (some attribute this to the antelope jackrabbit,[28] others to the white-tailed jackrabbit,[49][50] and still others to jackrabbits in general.[51])
  11. ↑ Estimates include 66 km/h (41 mph)[53] and 71 km/h (44 mph)[54][55]
  12. ↑ Estimates include "more than 30 miles per hour (48 kilometers per hour)"[58] and 71 km/h (44 mph).[59]
  13. ↑ Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph),[61]:169 69 km/h (43 mph) (specifically for the kulan subspecies),[62] and 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically for the Persian subspecies).[63]
  14. ↑ Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph)[64] and 70 km/h (43 mph).[65]
  15. ↑ Estimates include Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).,[66] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).,[67] and 65 km/h (40 mph)[68]:55
  16. ↑ Estimates include Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).,[69]
  17. ↑ Estimates include 35 mph (56 km/h)[70] and 40 mph (64 km/h) for both the Grévy's zebra and Burchell's zebra.[71][72]
  18. ↑ Estimates include 40 mph (64 km/h)[73]
  19. ↑ Estimates include 30 mph (48 km/h),[74] 25–31 mph (40–50 km/h) (specifically for the brown hyena)[75] and 37 mph (60 km/h)[61]:160[76]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Falling with the Falcon | Flight Today | Air & Space Magazine
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 BBC Worldwide (27 March 2008). Black marlin - the fastest fish on the planet. Ultimate Killers - BBC wildlife. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Video of peregrine falcon
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Top 10 fastest animals | OneKind
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 fbipigeons.com, PIGEON FACTS
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 http://www.speedofanimals.com/animals/spur_winged_goose
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 http://www.speedofanimals.com/animals/red_breasted_merganser
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Courtship dives of Anna's hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Swordfish Printout- EnchantedLearning.com
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 GopetsAmerica Extreme Facts About Birds Records, Fastest running bird: ostrich
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ [1]
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Biomechanical Analysis of the Sprint and Hurdles events at the 2009 IAAF WorldCHampionships in Athletics (Rolf Graubner & Eberhard Nixdorf,New Studies in Athletics (2011) 26:1/2
  78. ↑ Biomechanical Analysis of the Sprint and Hurdles events at the 2009 IAAF WorldCHampionships in Athletics (Rolf Graubner & Eberhard Nixdorf,New Studies in Athletics (2011) 26:1/2.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ [2]
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Black mamba#cite note-Adele2-25
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 [3]
  91. ↑ Sailfish-Sailboat-Istiophorus Lacepède
  92. ↑ Sailfish - The Fastest Swimming Animal | Animal Pictures and Facts | FactZoo.com
  93. ↑ What's the Speediest Marine Creature?
  94. ↑ [4]
  95. ↑ [5]
  96. ↑ Mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis is World’s Fastest Terrestrial Animal, Study Says, Sci-News.com, 28 April 2014. Retrieved May 2014.

External links

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