Fiat Uno

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Fiat Uno
Fiat Uno II.JPG
Overview
Manufacturer Fiat
Also called Tofaş Uno
Fiat Mille
Production 1983 – 1995 (Italy)
1984 – 2014 (South America)
1992 – 2000 (Philippines)
1995 – 2003 (Morocco)
Assembly Turin, Italy
Pretoria, South Africa
Betim, Brazil
Bursa, Turkey
Manta, Ecuador[1]
Casablanca, Morocco (SOMACA)[2]
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Las Piñas, Philippines[3]
Body and chassis
Class Supermini, Subcompact car (B)
Layout FF layout
Chronology
Predecessor Fiat 127
Successor Fiat Punto

The Fiat Uno is a supermini car which was produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat. The Uno was launched in 1983 and built in its homeland until 1995, with production still taking place in other countries for some years, with the final Uno built in Brazil in 2013.

With approximately 8,800,000 built, it's the eighth most produced automobile platform in history, after the Volkswagen Beetle, Ford Model T, Lada Riva, 1965–1970 GM B platform, 1981–1997 GM J platform, 1961–1964 GM B platform, and 1977–1990 GM B platform.

The Uno name was reintroduced in 2010 in South America for the Fiat Mini (Economy) platform based car built in Brazil.

First series (1983–1989)

Fiat Uno (Type 146)
Fiat Uno front 20070829.jpg
A first generation five door Uno
Overview
Manufacturer Fiat
Also called Fiat Mille
Fiat Mille Way
Innocenti Mille
Innocenti Mille Clip
Production 1983 – 1995 (Italy)
1983 – 2013 (South America)
1995 – 2002 (Poland)
1995 – 2003 (Morocco)
Assembly Turin, Italy
Pretoria, South Africa
Betim, Brazil
Bursa, Turkey
Manta, Ecuador[1]
Casablanca, Morocco (SOMACA)[2]
Kragujevac, Serbia
Designer Giorgetto Giugiaro
Body and chassis
Body style 3-door hatchback
5-door hatchback
3-door panel van
Layout FF layout
Platform Type One platform (Tipo Uno)[4]
Related Fiat Duna
Fiat Elba
Fiat Fiorino (2nd series)
Powertrain
Engine Straight-4
Transmission 4-speed manual
5-speed manual
Selecta CVT
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,362 mm (93.0 in)[5]
Length 3,645–3,689 mm (143.5–145.2 in)
Width 1,549–1,562 mm (61.0–61.5 in)
Height 1,405–1,422 mm (55.3–56.0 in)
Curb weight 711–910 kg (1,567–2,006 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor Fiat 127
Successor Fiat Punto (Europe)
Fiat Palio (South America/Asia)
Rear view of three door first series Uno.

The Uno (Type 146) was launched in January 1983 to replace the ageing Fiat 127, which itself had revolutionized the supermini market on its launch more than 10 years earlier. Designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro's ItalDesign company, its tall, square body utilising a Kamm tail achieved a low drag coefficient of 0.34 won it much praise for airy interior space and fuel economy. It incorporated many packaging lessons learnt from Giugiaro's 1978 Lancia Megagamma concept car (the first modern people carrier / MPV / mini-van) but miniaturised. Its tall car / high seating packaging is imitated by every small car today. It reversed the trend for lower and lower built cars. It showed that not just low sleek cars could be aerodynamic, but small, roomy, boxy well packaged cars could be too.

United Kingdom sales began in June 1983, with more than 20,000 being sold in its first full year on sale and peaking at more than 40,000 sales in 1988.

In 1984 it was voted European Car of the Year.[6][7]

Initially, the Uno was offered with the 0.9 litre (903 cc) OHV, 1.1 litre (1116 cc), and 1.3 litre (1301 cc) 138-series SOHC petrol engines and transmissions carried over from the 127.[8] The 1.3 (1300 cc) diesel (not for the UK market) engine was launched a couple of months later. The Uno's badging was not by the commonly used measurement of engine size but by metric horsepower: 45, 55, 60, 70, or 75. The Uno was available as either a 3 or 5-door hatchback. It also featured ergonomic "pod" switchgear clusters each side of the main instrument binnacle, (that could be operated without removing the driver's hands from the steering wheel), although indicators remained on a stalk; an unusual arrangement similar to that used by Citroën.

The Uno had MacPherson strut independent front suspension and twist-beam rear suspension with telescopic dampers and coil springs.

From 1985, the 1.0 litre (999 cc) SOHC Fully Integrated Robotised Engine (FIRE) powerplant was offered. This was a lighter engine, built with fewer parts, and gave improved performance and economy.

Turbo i.e.

File:UK-registered Fiat Uno Turbo i.e. (1988).jpg
A 1988 Fiat Uno Turbo i.e. (UK-registered)

In April 1985 the hot hatch version of the first series Uno – the Uno Turbo i.e. – was launched as a 3-door only derivative. Despite marketing claims that it was fitted with an engine "specifically developed for turbocharging" the Turbo i.e. model actually used a Ritmo/Strada-derived 1.3 146-series engine with Bosch multi-point fuel injection, Magneti Marelli electronic ignition and a water-cooled IHI turbocharger with an intercooler to reduce intake air temperatures. The resultant power plant was highly regarded and considered as more technologically advanced than many of its contemporaries. Engine capacity was initially stated as 1299 cc but this was revised early on in production to 1301 cc. In both forms the engine offered Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). but owners report that the 1301 cc version was notably more responsive and had greater torque than the earlier 1299 cc unit. Cars built from 1985 to late 1987 were fitted with a Ritmo/Strada-derived 5-speed gearbox. This was then replaced by a newly developed 'C510' 5-speed gearbox, often referred to by owners as the 'Tipo style' gearbox, featuring a more durable differential and improved gearchange linkage. Ratios were unchanged between the two units.

First Series Turbo i.e. Model Engine Bay

The Turbo i.e. offered significant performance improvement over standard Uno models and was capable of reaching 200 km/h (124 mph), thanks in part to the car's low 845 kg (1,863 lb) weight. Reliability was improved due to the reduction in maximum turbo boost pressure for mass-production from 1.0 to 0.6 bar[citation needed] but conversely, it allowed tuners to modify the engine relatively easily to run 1.0 bar boost pressure for even greater performance without significantly compromising reliability.

Body Graphics/Stripes as fitted to the rear-quarter panel of a 1988 Turbo i.e. Model

Externally, the Turbo i.e. model sported black plastic sill trims and arch extensions (similar to that of the 70SX model), plus a revised front bumper with foglamps and inlets/scoops to direct air to the oil cooler and intercooler. Decals were added along the side of the car, initially as "T U R B O" in large outline letters but then later in stripe form with "Turbo i.e." cut into the rear-quarter section and complimentary stripes across the tailgate. This also deviated from the pressed steel tailgate fitted on non-turbo models as it was manufactured from fibreglass and incorporated a high-level spoiler to improve looks and aerodynamic performance. All body glass benefited from a very light green tint.

Suspension was lowered and uprated, 13" alloy wheels with Pirelli P6 tyres were fitted and the brakes upgraded to vented discs on the front and solid discs on the rear to replace the drum units of the non-turbo models.

First Series Turbo i.e. Model Interior

Interior equipment was upgraded in the Turbo i.e. model with 'sports' seats, plush red carpet and an extended centre-console. Later models had red seatbelts in place of earlier black versions.

Options on the Turbo i.e. model included polished Cromodora wheels, electric windows, manual sunroof and a 'digital' instrument panel, which used bar-graphs in place of dial gauges for fuel level, coolant temperature, boost pressure, etc., and a numerical display of speed that, in the UK market, could be switched between mph and kph at the press of a button. Such units were rare.

First Series Uno Turbo i.e. Model Digital Instrument Display

An option on later first series Turbo i.e. models was called 'Anti-Skid' – a simple form of ABS that only operated on the front wheels and only once per ignition cycle meaning that if it was triggered during a journey it would not do so a second time until the ignition had been turned off and on again. Whilst it was an admirable attempt on Fiat's part at improving driver safety and reducing accidents, the 'Anti-Skid' system was largely regarded as ineffective and unreliable.[by whom?]

Diesel and Selecta Models

In 1987, a 1.7 litre diesel engined 60DS version was launched together with the Uno Selecta continuously variable transmission (CVT) automatic. The CVT transmission was a co-development with Dutch Van Doorne and Ford, (Fiat owned 24% stake of Van Doorne at that time).[8]

Second series (1989–1995)

Rear view of second generation five door Uno. Distinctive features suggest a Polish-made 0.9 version.
A second generation three door Uno

First shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1989, the Uno received a thorough facelift. The bodywork at the nose was updated and a different tailgate was fitted, improving the drag coefficient to Cd 0.30,[8] and matching the corporate look of the then new Fiat Tipo. The interior was also revised. The pod switchgear was replaced by stalks and an effort was made to stop the dashboard rattles of the Mark I. At this time, the old 1.1 litre engine was replaced by a new FIRE version, and a new Fiat Tipo-derived 1.4 litre (1,372 cc) engine replaced the Ritmo/Strada-derived 1.3 litre in both naturally aspirated and turbo versions. A 1.4 litre Uno Turbo could reach a claimed 204 km/h (127 mph),[9] while the 1.0 version only managed 140–145 km/h (87–90 mph) depending on which transmission was fitted.[10] The Uno Turbo i.e. variant was also restyled, upgraded with a Garret T2 turbine, Bosch LH Jetronic fuel injection and better aerodynamics.

Uno production ceased in Italy in 1995, with sales throughout Western Europe stopping at the same time. A total of 6,032,911 units were built in Fiat's Italian factories.[8] From 1994 to 2002, Uno was produced in Poland for Fiat Auto Poland; at first in Bielsko-Biała, and then from 2000 to 2002 in Tychy. Engines available were three petrol units (all naturally aspirated and fuel injected) – 0.9 litre from Seicento (years 1999–2002 only), 1.0 fire, 1.4 and one naturally aspirated diesel unit of 1.7 litres. The Uno's replacement in Western Europe was the Fiat Punto, which was launched in late 1993.

Engines (first and second series)

Petrol

Engine[5][11] Layout Displacement Valves Power Torque Production
0.9 39 I4 899 cc 8 OHV 39 PS (29 kW) @ 5500 rpm 65 N·m (48 lb·ft) @ 3000 rpm 1999–2002
1.0 45 Formula I4 903 cc 8 OHV 45 PS (33 kW) @ 5600 rpm 67 N·m (49 lb·ft) @ 3000 rpm 1984–1993
1.1 55 I4 1116 cc 8 SOHC 55 PS (40 kW) @ 5600 rpm 86 N·m (63 lb·ft) @ 2900 rpm 1984–1985
1.3 70 S/SX I4 1301 cc 8 SOHC 68 PS (50 kW) @ 5700 rpm 100 N·m (74 lb·ft) @ 2900 rpm 1984–1985
1.1 60 S/Family I4 1116 cc 8 SOHC 58 PS (43 kW) @ 5700 rpm 87 N·m (64 lb·ft) @ 3000 rpm 1985–1992
1.0 45 Fire I4 999 cc 8 SOHC 45 PS (33 kW) @ 5000 rpm 80 N·m (59 lb·ft) @ 2750 rpm 1985–1992
1.1 60 SX I4 1108 cc 8 SOHC 57 PS (42 kW) @ 5500 rpm 89 N·m (66 lb·ft) @ 3000 rpm 1989–1993
1.3 Turbo i.e. I4 1299/1301 cc 8 SOHC 106 PS (78 kW) @5750 rpm 146 N·m (108 lb·ft) @ 3200 rpm 1985–1990
1.3 70 SX/SL I4 1301 cc 8 SOHC 65 PS (48 kW) @ 5600 rpm 100 N·m (74 lb·ft) @ 3000 rpm 1985–1992
1.0 45 i.e./i.e. Start I4 999 cc 8 SOHC 45 PS (33 kW) @ 5250 rpm 74 N·m (55 lb·ft) @ 3250 rpm 1992–1995
1.4 70 SX i.e. I4 1372 cc 8 SOHC 70 PS (51 kW) @ 6000 rpm 106 N·m (78 lb·ft) @ 3000 rpm 1990–1993
1.5 75 S i.e. CAT I4 1498 cc 8 SOHC 75 PS (55 kW) @ 5500 rpm 125 N·m (92 lb·ft) @ 2800 rpm 1987–1993
1.1 50 i.e. I4 1108 cc 8 SOHC 50 PS (37 kW) @ 5250 rpm 84 N·m (62 lb·ft) @ 3000 rpm 1991–1994
1.4 Turbo i.e. I4 1372 cc 8 SOHC 118 PS (87 kW) @ 6000 rpm 161 N·m (119 lb·ft) @ 3500 rpm 1990–1994

Diesel

Engine Layout Displacement Valves Power Torque Production
1.3D I4 1301 cc 8 SOHC 45 PS (33 kW) at 4,200 rpm 112 N·m (83 lb·ft) at 2,000 rpm 1983–1989
1.4 TD I4 1367 cc 8 SOHC 72 PS (53 kW) at 4,800 rpm 128 N·m (94 lb·ft) at 2,500 rpm 1986–1995
1.7 60D I4 1697 cc 8 SOHC 58 PS (43 kW) at 4,600 rpm 100 N·m (74 lb·ft) at 2,900 rpm 1986–1995

Continuing global production (1995–2013)

Brazilian-built Uno, sold as "Innocenti Mille" in Italy

After Western European production and sales ceased, the Uno continued to be manufactured and sold in many other regions.

Argentina

In Argentina, the 3-door Fiat Uno was produced by Sevel Argentina S.A. from March 1989 to 2000, 179,767 units were built. Engines Motor Tipo ranged from a 1,049 cc 52 PS (38 kW) petrol four to a 1.6-litre, 87 PS (64 kW) SCV/SCR version on top, with a 1.3-litre 45 PS (33 kW) diesel engine also available.[12] A specific saloon version with four doors was also produced from 1988 to 2000. Called Duna or Elba, 257,259 units of this version were built in Fiat's Córdoba plant. In addition to 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6-litre petrol versions, the 1.3 diesel was also available.

Brazil

The car was made in Brazil until December 2013 in three versions: Mille Economy, Uno Furgão (panel van) and Fiorino Furgão . A total of 3.6 million Unos and Milles were built in Brazil during its 30-year production run.[13]

2004 facelift Fiat Uno

In the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, the Uno was also available as a sedan, a pick-up, and in a wagon version. These are called Prêmio, Fiorino Pick-Up, and Elba respectively.

The Brazilian Uno featured an independent, transverse leaf spring suspension at the rear, based on the tried and tested Brazilian Fiat 147 (similar to the Italian Fiat 127). The clamshell design of the hood was also unique, since the Brazilian Uno kept the spare tire located in the engine bay, like the old Fiat 147, thus saving extra space for the luggage in the trunk. Originally sold with 1.05, 1.3 or 1.5 litre petrol engines (also in versions made to run on ethanol), and a 1.6 litre was added to the lineup in 1989. The now redundant 1.5 was cancelled,[14] but another 1.5 was introduced in 1991, this one derived from the 1.3.

The Fiat Uno family, in Brazil, had a turbocharged 1.4-litre four inline sports version, the Uno Turbo i.e., available between 1994 and 1996. This car was sold as a normal production vehicle with 1,801 units produced.

Modified interior of the 2004 facelift Fiat Uno

From 1990 to 2013, a 1.0-litre version was sold as the Fiat Mille, as a budget entry-level model, and received its most recent facelift for the 2004 model year. A Fire engine was used since 2001. The 2005 Brazilian range has received a Flex Fuel system, enabling the car to use ethanol or gasoline as fuel, both pure or in any proportion mixture; also, there is a version fitted for unpaved roads called Mille Way, which includes a more resilient suspension, larger wheels and side cladding.

Despite the launch of the new Brazilian-built Uno in 2010, production of the Mille Economy and Mille Way continued until December 2013, only with a 1.0-litre engine. The Uno Furgao van (based on the series Uno)[15] and the Fiorino Furgão were available with a 1.25-litre Fire engine.

Engines

Petrol

Engine Layout Displacement Valves Power Torque Compression ratio Production
Mille[12][16] I4 994 cc 8 SOHC 48 PS (35 kW) at 5,700 rpm 7.4 kg·m (73 N·m; 54 lb·ft) at 3,000 rpm 8.5:1 1990.09–1994
Mille Electronic[17] I4 994 cc 8 SOHC 56 PS (41 kW) at 6,000 rpm 8.2 kg·m (80 N·m; 59 lb·ft) at 3,250 rpm 9.5:1 1995
1.0 Fire Flex I4 999 cc 8 SOHC Petrol: 73 PS (54 kW)
Ethanol: 75 PS (55 kW) at 6,250 rpm
Petrol: 9.5 kg·m (93 N·m; 69 lb·ft)
Ethanol: 9.9 kg·m (97 N·m; 72 lb·ft) at 4,500 rpm
12.15:1 2005–present
1.3 CS, S, SX[12] I4 1,297 cc 8 SOHC 58 PS (43 kW) at 5,200 rpm 10.0 kg·m (98 N·m; 72 lb·ft) at 3,000 rpm 8.0:1 1984.07–1986
(SX until 1987)
1.3 Fire Flex I4 1,242 cc 8 SOHC Petrol: 70 PS (51 kW)
Ethanol: 71 PS (52 kW) at 5,500 rpm
Petrol: 11.4 kg·m (112 N·m; 82 lb·ft)
Ethanol: 11.6 kg·m (114 N·m; 84 lb·ft) at 2,500 rpm
11.0:1 2005–present
1.5 i.e.[17] I4 1,497 cc 8 SOHC 67 PS (49 kW) at 5,000 rpm 12.0 kg·m (118 N·m; 87 lb·ft) at 3,000 rpm 8.5:1 1994–1995
1.5R Sevel I4 1,498 cc 8 SOHC 85 PS (63 kW) at 5,500 rpm 13.5 kg·m (132 N·m; 98 lb·ft) at 3,000 rpm  ??? 1987–1989
1.5R Sevel - Ethanol I4 1,498 cc 8 SOHC 86 PS (63 kW) at 5,500 rpm 13.7 kg·m (134 N·m; 99 lb·ft) at 3,000 rpm  ??? 1987–1989
1.6R Sevel[12] I4 1,580 cc 8 SOHC Petrol: 84 PS (62 kW) at 5,700 rpm
Ethanol: 84 PS (62 kW) at 5,600 rpm
Petrol: 13.2 kg·m (129 N·m; 95 lb·ft)
Ethanol: 13.7 kg·m (134 N·m; 99 lb·ft) at 3,250 rpm
8.3:1 1990.11–1992
1.6R MPI Sevel ACT I4 1,580 cc 8 SOHC 92 PS (68 kW) at 5,750 rpm 13 kg·m (130 N·m; 94 lb·ft) at 3,500 rpm 9.5:1 1993–1995
1.4 Turbo i.e. I4 1,372 cc 8 SOHC 118 PS (87 kW) at 5,750 rpm 17.5 kg·m (172 N·m; 127 lb·ft) at 3,500 rpm 7.8:1 1994–1995

Safety

The Brazilian Fiat Uno has been rated as highly unsafe by Latin NCAP, scoring only one star for adult occupants and two stars for children.[18] Unfortunately, this is the safety standard of low-cost Brazilian cars.[19]

India

After an abortive launch in 1996 when its CKD joint partner PAL delivered only 617 cars of the 30,000 ordered,[20] Fiat started its venture as a 50-50 Industrial Joint Venture between Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (Fiat) and Tata Motors Limited in January 1997. At present the company employs about 600 employees in its Ranjangaon facility in the Pune District of Maharashtra.[21] The Uno was initially a success in India, but then it faded badly due to poor dealer support.[citation needed]

Morocco

The Fiat Uno was also assembled in Morocco until 2003 by SOMACA (Société Marocaine des Constructions Automobiles), and remains a popular choice of car for "petit-taxi" use.[22]

South Africa

In South Africa, the Uno was assembled under licence by Nissan from 1990 until 1998 and then by Fiat from 1998 up until 2006. Unos manufactured by Nissan had the word "licence" underneath the Fiat badge on the rear end and models included the 1108 cc FIRE,1372 cc PACER, PACER SX and 1372 cc TURBO. Later on there were also a number of special editions produced which included the Beat (1372 cc), the Rio (1108 cc) and for a short period the Cento (999 cc). After Fiat re-entered the South African market in 1998 Unos were rebadged as either the (1108 cc) Mia or (1372 cc) Tempo. They also featured the Fiat centenary badge from that point on. By the time initial production of the Uno ended in 2006 only the (1108 cc) Mia was available for sale.[23] 110,000 units were produced between 1990 and 2002.

In 2007, the Fiat Uno was redesigned and it re-entered the South African new car market. The car was now marketed and distributed by Fiat themselves. The model line-up includes the Uno Way, which has a higher suspension than the regular Uno and colour-coded bumpers. It is based on the 1983–1990 design, and is powered by a 1.2-litre 4-cylinder petrol engine.[24]

Philippines

Local manufacturer Francisco Motors, primarily known as a manufacturer of the Jeepney, partnered with Fiat to create a joint venture called Italcar Pilipinas Inc. in 1990. They assembled the Fiat Uno from 1992–2000 under the People's Car Program, which was an incentive by the government of President Corazon Aquino to stimulate car production in the Philippines. The joint venture hoped to compete with local stalwarts such as the Toyota Corolla and Nissan Sentra with the Uno in the taxicab market, which accounted for many sales. The Uno was not popular and production decreased yearly until the venture was terminated in 2000.

Poland

Production in Fiat's factory in Poland ran until 2002. 173,382 units were built from June 1995 to October 2002.

Pakistan

The Fiat Uno is also assembled from complete knock down (CKD) kits in Pakistan by Raja Motor Company. Production started in 2001 and continued until 2004 when the manufacturing plant had to be closed down. Only the diesel variant of the car was made available under the 1.7D model. Although large scale manufacturing of the car has ceased, stocks of CKD are still being assembled and sold at present.[25]

Sales performance

United Kingdom

The Uno was quite popular in Britain, with 190,000 Mark I examples sold from its launch there in June 1983 until the launch of the facelifted model in late 1989.[citation needed]

New Zealand

The Uno was a surprise hit for Fiat in New Zealand, where a combination of low prices and well received styling saw over 1,000 Unos a year being imported from Italy right up until the late 1980s, with the 3,000th New Zealand Uno being celebrated in December 1988. Generally sold in 3 and 5-door hatchback form, a limited number of Fiorino panelvans and 3-door station wagons – badged as Fiat Penny – were also sold. A number of Unos sold in New Zealand were built to British specifications, which included a mile-per-hour speedometer.

Fiat Uno (2010–present)

"Novo" Fiat Uno (Type 327)
2011 Fiat Uno 1.4 Attractive.jpg
Overview
Production 2010 – present
Assembly Betim, Brazil
Body and chassis
Body style 3-door hatchback
5-door hatchback
Layout FF layout
Platform Fiat Economy
Related Fiat Palio (326)
Fiat Grand Siena
Fiat Fiorino (327)
Powertrain
Engine 1.0 Fire EVO Flex l4
1.4 Fire EVO Flex l4
Transmission 5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,376 mm (93.5 in)
Length 3,770 mm (148 in)
Width 1,640 mm (65 in)
Height 1,490 mm (59 in)
Chronology
Predecessor Fiat Mille (Brazil)

The Fiat Uno name was resurrected for project Type 327, the Brazilian-built "Novo Uno" (New Uno). The new Uno is engineered at Brazil and co-designed with Turin's Fiat Centro Stile, and is basically a more urban interpretation of the Fiat Panda style on a Fiat Palio. It is larger and roomier than the first, but smaller and cheaper than the second platform.[26] The car has two options of engines: the 1.0 Fire Evo (74 hp) and the 1.4 Fire Evo (87 hp), both able to use ethanol, gasoline or a mix of both fuels.[27]

It's being sold in several South American countries as well as Brazil, but it has yet to be confirmed whether this Uno will be sold in Europe.[28]

In December 2013, Fiat launched the new Uno-based Fiorino panel van (project Type 327), successor of the old Fiorino.

In September 2014, Fiat unveiled a facelift for the Uno (as a 2015 model) and introduced the Start&Stop system in the 1.4 Fire engine. [29]

References

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  10. Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990, pp. 222-224
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  18. Latin NCAP report Fiat Uno
  19. IIHS Status Report Safety gains aren't global
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  29. Fiat Novo Uno 2015 (Quatro Rodas)

External links