Ulmus minor

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Ulmus minor
File:Blismes elm 2007.jpg
Field Elm, Blismes, Nièvre, France.

Photo: Eric Collin, Cemagref, 2007.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Ulmaceae
Genus:
Ulmus
Species:
U. minor
Binomial name
Ulmus minor
Synonyms
  • Ulmus boissieri Grudz.
  • Ulmus campestris L. var. australis Henry
  • Ulmus campestris L. var. dalmatica Baldacci
  • Ulmus campestris var. glabra Hartig, Planch., Aschers. & Graebn.
  • Ulmus campestris var. laevis Spach, Planch.
  • Ulmus campestris Huds. var. microphylla Boiss.
  • Ulmus canescens Melville
  • Ulmus carpinifolia Gled.
  • Ulmus coritana Melville
  • Ulmus densa Litv.
  • Ulmus foliaceae Gilibert, Sarg.
  • Ulmus glabra (not Huds.), Ley, Mill., Smith, Loudon, Rchb., Wilkomm, C. K. Schneid., Ley
  • Ulmus glabra Mill. var.pilifera Borbas
  • Ulmus micrantha Kitt.
  • Ulmus microphylla Mill.
  • Ulmus microphylla Pers.
  • Ulmus minor subsp. minor Richens
  • Ulmus minor suberosa Moench, Rehder
  • Ulmus nemoralis Fraas
  • Ulmus nitens Moench
  • Ulmus pilifera Borbas
  • Ulmus procera Salisb.
  • Ulmus sparsa Dumrt.
  • Ulmus stricta (Aiton) Lindley
  • Ulmus stricta (Aiton) Lindley var goodyeri Melville
  • Ulmus tetrandra Sckk.
  • Ulmus tortuosa Host
  • Ulmus wissotzkyi Kotov

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Ulmus minor Mill., the Field Elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor and Iran; its northern outposts are the Baltic islands of Öland and Gotland,[1] although it may have been introduced here by man. The tree's typical habitat is low-lying forest along the main rivers, growing in association with oak and ash, where it tolerates summer floods as well as droughts.[2]

Current treatment of the species owes much to Richens,[3] who noted (1983) that several varieties of Field Elm are distinguishable on the European mainland. Of these, he listed the small-leaved U. minor of France and Spain; the narrow-leaved U. minor of northern and central Italy; the densely hairy leaved U. minor of southern Italy and Greece; the U. minor with small-toothed leaves from the Balkans; the U. minor with large-toothed leaves from the Danube region; and the small-leaved U. minor from southern Russia and the Ukraine.[4] As for British varieties, "the continental populations most closely related" to eastern English Field Elm "are in central Europe", while south-western forms were introduced from France.[5] He concluded, however, that owing to incomplete field-research at the time of writing, it was "not possible to present an overall breakdown of the European Field Elm into regional varieties".[6]

Richens sank a number of British elms, notably English Elm, as either subspecies or varieties of U. minor in 1968. However, Melville,[7] writing ten years later, identified five distinct species (including U. glabra in the count), several varieties and numerous complex hybrids. In 1992 Armstrong [8] identified no fewer than forty British species and microspecies. Stace (1997) wrote of the British elms "The two-species (glabra and minor) concept of Richens is not sufficiently discriminating to be of taxonomic value". Nevertheless, it is Richens’ classification which has been the most commonly accepted in recent years, although it is not used in Flora Europaea [14].[9]

In 2009 Dr Max Coleman of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh wrote: "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, which have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers. This means that enigmatic British elms such as Plot Elm and English Elm have been shown to be single clones of Field Elm. Although Richens did not have the evidence to prove it, he was correct in recognising a series of clones and grouping them together as a variable species." [10]

It is hoped that analysis of molecular markers will ultimately eliminate the taxonomic confusion.

Description

The tree typically grows to < 30 m (98 ft) and bears a rounded crown.[11] The bark of the trunk is rough, furrowed lightly in older trees to form a block pattern. Young branchlets occasionally have corky wings. The shoots are slender compared with those of wych elm. The leaves are smaller than those of the other European species, hence the specific epithet minor, however they can vary greatly according to the maturity of the tree. Leaves on juvenile growth (suckers, seedlings etc.) are coarse and pubescent, whereas those on mature growth are generally smooth, though remaining highly variable in form; there are generally fewer than 12 pairs of side veins. A common characteristic is the presence of minute black glands along the leaf veins, detectable with the aid of a magnifying glass.[2] The samarae are typically ovate and notched, the notch extending to the central seed.

The species readily produces suckers from roots and stumps, even after devastation by Dutch elm disease; consequently genetic resources are not considered endangered [15].

  • Ulmus-minor-foliage-mosaic.JPG

    U. minor foliage

  • U. minor leaf.jpg

    Leaf and 1 Euro coin

  • Root-suckers spreading around a Field Elm

  • Ulmus minor - MHNT

  • Ulmus minor Stapleford bark.jpg

    Bark of Stapleford Elm, UK

  • Ulmus minor ex Provence flower.jpg

    Ulmus minor flower

Pests and diseases

Most trees are very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, including all the fashionable pre-20th century plantsman's clones (see Subspecies and varieties). However, Field Elm is genetically highly variable, and in 2013 researchers at the Universidad Politėcnica de Madrid announced the discovery and cloning of seven trees in Spain with levels of resistance greater than 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' [12] (see Cultivation).

Cultivation

U. minor in general and a number of clones in particular (see 'Cultivars' below) were once commonly cultivated across Europe in town and country, but owing to its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease, U. minor is now uncommon in cultivation. However, in an ongoing project that began in the 1990s, several thousand surviving Field Elms have been tested for innate resistance by national research institutes in the EU, with a view to returning Field Elm to cultivation.[13] Results from Spain (2013), for example, confirm that a very small number of surviving Field Elms (about 0.5% of those tested) appear to have comparatively high levels of tolerance of the disease, and it is hoped that a controlled crossing of the best of these will produce resistant Ulmus minor hybrids for cultivation.[14]

In the UK, despite its late leaf-flush in the north and its suckering habits, continental U. minor was occasionally planted as an ornamental urban tree. Augustine Henry wrote in 1913 that the U. minor planted in parks in Scotland were of French origin.[15] More recently U. minor seed was imported to the UK from Italy.[16] There are mature survivors in Edinburgh that are not the common U. minor cultivars (2015).[17]

U. minor has been introduced to the southern hemisphere, notably Australasia and Argentina.[18]

Notable trees

The Biscarrosse Elm, deceased 2010

Ulmus minor can live to a great age. An ancient Field Elm stood until recently in the village square of Metaxades, Thrace, Greece. Having abandoned their original village in 1286 after cholera outbreaks, the villagers re-founded it in the hills where a young elm was growing beside a spring. An elm (reputedly the original) and the fountain were the focal-point of the village until the late 20th century.[19] A tree said to be of similar age (200 cm d.b.h.) still stands (2013) in the city of Sliven, Bulgaria; other veterans are said to survive in the village of Samuilovo, 7 km from Sliven.[20][21][22]

File:Elm-tree.jpg
Old U. minor at Sliven, Bulgaria

A tree reputedly over 650 years old survived in the centre of Biscarrosse south of Bordeaux until the summer of 2010, when it finally succumbed to Dutch elm disease.[23] Another veteran with a 6-metre girth survives at Bettange, France, close to the Belgian border, reputedly planted in 1593.[24] A tree approximately 400 years old and 5.55 metres in girth grows in the town of Mergozzo in Piedmont, Italy. 'L'olmo di Mergozzo', like its French counterparts 'l'orme de Biscarosse' and 'l’orme de Bettange', is hollowed out by age, its life prolonged by lopping. Another hollow veteran is the elm in the Plaza del Olmo in Navajas, Valencia, 6.3 metres in girth, planted in 1636 and featuring on the town crest.[25]

The tallest recorded Field Elms in Greece were two specimens planted in 1650 beside the newly built church of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, in Omali Voiou (Oμαλή Bοΐου) near Siatista, which, despite being open-grown trees, attained a height of 40 metres by the mid-20th century.[26] The immemorial elm opposite the village square of Aidona in Thessaly, Greece [27][28] which has been "listed" as a national "Monument of Nature",[29] lost its crown in a recent storm (2009) and has now been pollarded; it is regenerating vigorously. A rare example of a centuries-old Field Elm that retains its heartwood and crown is the 360-year-old specimen in the village square of Strinylas, Corfu.[30][31][32]

In Great Britain, large specimens once identified as U. minor subsp. minor, the Narrow- or Smooth-leafed Elm, were once commonplace before the advent of DED. The largest recorded tree in the UK grew at Amwell, Herts., measuring 40 m in height and 228 cm d.b.h. in 1911.[33] Another famous specimen was the great elm that towered above its two siblings at the bottom of Long Melford Green, Long Melford, Suffolk,[34] till the group succumbed to disease in 1978. The three "were survivors of a former clone of at least nine elms, one dating from 1757".[35] The Long Melford elms were painted in 1940 by the watercolourist S. R. Badmin in his 'Long Melford Green on a Frosty Morning', now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.[36]

The largest known surviving trees are at East Coker, Somerset (30 m high, 95 cm d.b.h.), Termitts Farm near Hatfield Peverel, Essex (25 m high, 145 d.b.h.), Scrub Wood near Little Baddow, Essex (30 m high), and Melchbourne, Bedfordshire, (147 cm d.b.h.).[37]

Subspecies, varieties, and former species sunk as U. minor

Ulmus minor, East Coker, Somerset, 2008

United Kingdom

The name Ulmus minor subsp. minor was used by R. H. Richens [38] for Field Elm that was not English Elm, Cornish Elm, Plot Elm or Guernsey Elm. Many publications, however, continue to use plain Ulmus minor for undifferentiated Field Elm; indeed Dr Max Coleman of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh argued in his 2002 paper 'British Elms' that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies.[39] Some authorities, among them Richens[40] and Coleman,[10] include English Elm among varieties of Field Elm, Richens calling English Elm U. minor var. vulgaris. Richens sank as undifferentiated U. minor certain local English forms such as U. minor 'Goodyeri', U. minor 'Hunnybunii', U. minor 'Sowerbyi', and U. minor 'Coritana'.

Eurasia

File:SHHG Ulmus boissieri.jpg
Ulmus minor syn. boissieri, Iran

U. canescens Melville and U. boissieri Grudz. were both sunk as U. minor by Richens.[3] The former is found throughout the eastern Mediterranean, including Israel, and is distinguished by its leaves, densely downy on the underside when mature.[41] [16] The latter is a little-known tree found in the Zagros forests of western Iran, easily distinguished by its small, ovate, toothed leaves 1.5 – 3 cm long by 1.2 – 2 cm broad.[42][43]

Green and Richens also sank U. minor var. suberosa (Moench) Rehder - the so-called 'Cork-barked elm', korkulme (Germany) or wiąz korkowa (Poland), as a genetically random, maritime or juvenile form of U. minor, insufficiently differentiated to merit varietal status, its name a relic of taxonomic conservatism.[44][45]

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been raised in Europe since the 18th century although, with the exception of the new Spanish trees, many are now probably extinct owing to the ravages of Dutch elm disease:

Hybrids

The tree's natural range generously overlaps that of Wych Elm Ulmus glabra to the north, and readily hybridizes with it to produce the so-called 'Dutch Elm' Ulmus × hollandica.

In Spain and Italy Ulmus minor has naturally hybridized with Siberian Elm U. pumila, which was introduced in the 16th century and which has spread widely since then, contributing to conservation concerns for the former species.[46] The resulting hybrid has not yet been given a formal botanical name, though there are cultivated forms such as 'Recerta' and 'Fiorente' (see Hybrid cultivars).

Hybrid cultivars

The tree has featured strongly in artificial hybridization experiments in Europe and to a lesser extent in the USA. Most of the European research was based at Wageningen in the Netherlands until 1992, whence a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees highly resistant to disease which were released after 1989.[47]

Accessions

North America

Europe

Australasia

Nurseries

North America

None known

Europe

External links

  • Ulmus minor distribution map: linnaeus.nrm.se [26]

References

  1. ↑ Ulmus minor in Gotland, Sweden: ulmen-handbuch.de/handbuch/ulmus
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789050112819
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Richens, R. H. (1968). The correct designation of the European field elms. Feddes Repertorium 79: 1-2.
  4. ↑ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983), p.18
  5. ↑ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983), p.21
  6. ↑ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983), p.88
  7. ↑ Melville, R. (1978). On the discrimination of species in hybrid swarms with special reference to Ulmus and the nomenclature of U. minor (Mill.) and U. carpinifolia (Gled.). Taxon 27: 345–351.
  8. ↑ Armstrong, J. V. & Sell, P. D. (1996). A revision of the British elms (Ulmus L., Ulmaceae): the historical background. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 120: 39–50.
  9. ↑ Stace, C. A. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Max Coleman, ed.: Wych Elm (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh publication, 2009; ISBN 978-1-906129-21-7); p. 22
  11. ↑ Photographs of Ulmus minor in France (L’orme de Martailly-lès-Brancion), krapooarboricole.wordpress.com [1] ; in Portugal, 1.bp.blogspot.com [2].
  12. ↑ Martin, J. et al. (2013). Seven Iberian Ulmus minor clones resistant to Dutch elm disease registered for their use as forest reproductive material. Proceedings of the 3rd International Elm Conference, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Florence, 2013.
  13. ↑ Screening European Elms for resistance to 'Ophiostoma novo-ulmi' (Forest Science 2005) [3]
  14. ↑ ‘Spanish Clones’ (Oct. 2013) resistantelms.co.uk
  15. ↑ Elwes & Henry's Trees of Great Britain & Ireland [4] published in 1913, Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. p.1897-8. Private publication, Edinburgh
  16. ↑ E. E. Kemp (Curator, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 1950-71) in After the Elm, eds. Clouston & Stansfield, (London, 1979)
  17. ↑ Boswall Rd [two]; corner of Abbey Mount and Regent Rd; News Steps; Carlton Terrace Brae; Links Place; Seafield Place. Verified by samarae, leaves, suckering habit, form, and late leaf-flush; trees all on Streetview.
  18. ↑ Hiersch, H., Hensen, I., Zalapa, J. Guries, R. & Brunet, J. (2013). Is hybridization a necessary condition for the evolution of invasiveness in non-native Siberian elm? Abstracts. Third International Elm Conference 2013. The elm after 100 years of Dutch elm disease. Florence, p45.
  19. ↑ Η ιστορία των Μεταξάδων
  20. ↑ European Tree of the Year 2013, facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=655819444441287&set=a.366730233350211.84042.112234408799796&type=1&relevant_count=1&ref=nf
  21. ↑ Sliven Elm in autumn (photo: Rositsa Mitkova), panoramio.com
  22. ↑ 'The Sliven elm-tree runs for European Tree of the Year', bnr.bg
  23. ↑ krapooarboricole.wordpress.com, [5] [6] [7]
  24. ↑ arbresvenerables.free.fr [8], krapooarboricole.wordpress.com [9]
  25. ↑ www.navajas.es - bottom of page
  26. ↑ The elms of Omali Voiou: «Oι εκκλησίες της Oμαλής Bοΐου» [:The Churches of Omali Voiou], photograph 7 (p.25): www.scribd.com [10]
  27. ↑ Summer photograph of the centuries-old Aidona elm: sites.google.com
  28. ↑ Winter photograph of Aidona elm: nikos-manitarielassonas, photograph 3
  29. ↑ Διατηρητέα Μνημεία της Φύσεως αριθ.36 (:Listed Monuments of Nature, No. 36): users.otenet.gr/~theonik/peribal/esthitik.htm
  30. ↑ The elm in Strinylas, Corfu: greeka.com
  31. ↑ The elm in Strinylas, Corfu: greeka.com/ionian/corfu/corfu-villages/strinilas-corfu.htm; manfred-peters.de/Titel_Korfu_Tip_Nord.htm
  32. ↑ The elm in Strinylas, Corfu: static.panoramio.com
  33. ↑ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108069380
  34. ↑ Photograph of the great elms on Long Melford Green (Francis Frith Collection, images.francisfrith.com) [11]
  35. ↑ Photograph, plate XXI(h), in Oliver Rackham, A History of the Countryside (London, 1986), p.236.
  36. ↑ S. R. Badmin's 'Long Melford Green on a Frosty Morning', Victoria and Albert Museum [12]
  37. ↑ Tree Register Of the British Isles (TROBI)
  38. ↑ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983), p.280
  39. ↑ Coleman M. (2002) 'British elms.' British Wildlife 13 (6): 390-395.
  40. ↑ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge, 1983)
  41. ↑ Melville, R. (1957). Ulmus canescens: an eastern Mediterranean elm. Kew Bulletin: 499–502, 1957
  42. ↑ Grudzinskaya, I. A. (1977). The new elm species - Ulmus boissieri. New species of Ulmaceae from Iran. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 62. Komarov Bot. Inst., Acad. Sci., St. Petersburg, Russia.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Green, P. S. (1964). Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus. Arnoldia, Vol. 24. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. [13]
  45. ↑ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983), p.83, p. 278
  46. ↑ www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  47. ↑ Heybroek, H. (1993). The Dutch elm breeding program. In Sticklen, M. & Sherald, J. (Eds). Dutch Elm Disease Research. Cellular and Molecular Approaches. Springer-Verlag, New York.
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