File:Temperature trends in the lower stratosphere, mid to upper troposphere, lower troposphere, and surface, 1957-2005 (NOAA).gif

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Summary

This image shows 4 graphs of observed surface and upper-air temperature anomalies (°C). (A) lower <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stratospheric" class="extiw" title="en:stratospheric">stratospheric</a> T4, (B) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tropospheric" class="extiw" title="en:tropospheric">tropospheric</a> T2, (C) lower tropospheric T2 MSU satellite analyses and UKMO HadAT2 and NOAA RATPAC radiosonde observation; and (D) surface records from NOAA, NASA/GISS and UKMO/CRU (HadCRUT2v). All time series are monthly mean anomalies relative to the period 1979 to 1997 smoothed with a seven-month running mean filter. Major volcanic eruptions are indicated by vertical blue dashed lines (NOAA, 2010). The plotted datasets vary in the time periods they cover, with the earliest data going back to 1957, and the most recent up to 2005.

Based on the cited public-domain source (NOAA, 2010): "Recent analyses of temperature trends in the lower and mid- troposphere (between about 2,500 and 26,000 ft.) using both satellite and radiosonde (weather balloon) data show warming rates that are similar to those observed for surface air temperatures. These warming rates are consistent with their uncertainties and these analyses reconcile a discrepancy between warming rates noted on the IPCC Third Assessment Report (Wigley et al., 2006).

An enhanced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenhouse_effect" class="extiw" title="en:greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere because the increased "blanketing" effect in the lower atmosphere holds in more heat, allowing less to reach the upper atmosphere. Cooling of the lower stratosphere (about 49,000-79,500 ft.) since 1979 is shown by both satellite Microwave Sounding Unit and radiosonde data [...], but is larger in the radiosonde data likely due to uncorrected errors in the radiosonde data.

Relatively cool surface and tropospheric temperatures, and a relatively warmer lower stratosphere, were observed in 1992 and 1993, following the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The warming reappeared in 1994. A dramatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/global_warming" class="extiw" title="en:global warming">global warming</a>, at least partly associated with the record El Niño, took place in 1998. This warming episode is reflected from the surface to the top of the troposphere." Further details about the image can be found in the references cited below.

References:

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current04:48, 8 January 2017Thumbnail for version as of 04:48, 8 January 2017598 × 976 (60 KB)127.0.0.1 (talk)This image shows 4 graphs of observed surface and upper-air temperature anomalies (°C). (A) lower <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stratospheric" class="extiw" title="en:stratospheric">stratospheric</a> T4, (B) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tropospheric" class="extiw" title="en:tropospheric">tropospheric</a> T2, (C) lower tropospheric T2 MSU satellite analyses and UKMO HadAT2 and NOAA RATPAC radiosonde observation; and (D) surface records from NOAA, NASA/GISS and UKMO/CRU (HadCRUT2v). All time series are monthly mean anomalies relative to the period 1979 to 1997 smoothed with a seven-month running mean filter. Major volcanic eruptions are indicated by vertical blue dashed lines (NOAA, 2010). The plotted datasets vary in the time periods they cover, with the earliest data going back to 1957, and the most recent up to 2005.<br><p>Based on the cited public-domain source (NOAA, 2010): "Recent analyses of temperature trends in the lower and mid- troposphere (between about 2,500 and 26,000 ft.) using both satellite and radiosonde (weather balloon) data show warming rates that are similar to those observed for surface air temperatures. These warming rates are consistent with their uncertainties and these analyses reconcile a discrepancy between warming rates noted on the IPCC Third Assessment Report (Wigley <i>et al.</i>, 2006).<br></p> <p>An enhanced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenhouse_effect" class="extiw" title="en:greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere because the increased "blanketing" effect in the lower atmosphere holds in more heat, allowing less to reach the upper atmosphere. Cooling of the lower stratosphere (about 49,000-79,500 ft.) since 1979 is shown by both satellite Microwave Sounding Unit and radiosonde data [...], but is larger in the radiosonde data likely due to uncorrected errors in the radiosonde data.<br></p> <p>Relatively cool surface and tropospheric temperatures, and a relatively warmer lower stratosphere, were observed in 1992 and 1993, following the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The warming reappeared in 1994. A dramatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/global_warming" class="extiw" title="en:global warming">global warming</a>, at least partly associated with the record El Niño, took place in 1998. This warming episode is reflected from the surface to the top of the troposphere." Further details about the image can be found in the references cited below.<br></p> <p><i>References:</i><br></p> <ul> <li>Trenberth, K.E., <i>et al.</i>, 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-4-1-2.html">Figure 3.17,</a> in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html">Chapter 3: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change.</a> In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html">Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.</a> Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon, S., <i>et al.</i>, (eds.)). Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf">p.268 (PDF).</a> </li> <li>Wigley, T.M.L., <i>et al.</i>, 2006: Figure 1, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap1-1/finalreport/sap1-1-final-execsum.pdf">Executive Summary,</a> in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap1-1/finalreport/default.htm">Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences.</a> T. R. Karl, <i>et al.</i>, editors. A Report by the Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Washington, DC, USA. p.8.</li> </ul>
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