File:The Allergy Pathway.jpg
Summary
Simplified diagram showing key events that leads to allergy initiation. A. the allergen enters the body.B. an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" class="extiw" title="en:Antigen-presenting cell">Antigen-presenting cell</a> takes up the allergen molecule and presents its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/epitope" class="extiw" title="en:epitope">epitopes</a>, through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" class="extiw" title="en:Major histocompatibility complex">MHC II receptor</a>, onto its surface. The activated antigen presenting cell then migrates to the nearest lymph node C. where it activates T cells that recognize the allergen. They then give the decision for the T cell to differentiate to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell" class="extiw" title="en:T helper cell">Th2 cell</a>.D. at the same time, B cells recognize the allergen and through the activated Th2 cell E. the B cell would be activated. F.and differentiate into plasma cells, at which point they would actively synthesize antibodies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgE" class="extiw" title="en:IgE">IgE</a> isotype. G. the IgE antibody, that now recognizes epitopes of the allergen molecule, circulates around the body through the <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiovascular_system" class="extiw" title="en:cardiovascular system">cardiovascular systems</a> and finally binds to its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="extiw" title="en:FcεRI">FcεRI</a> receptor on mast and basophil cells. H. when the allergen re-enters the body at a later time it binds to the IgE, which is on the cell surface, resulting in an aggregation of the receptor causing the cells to release pre-formed mediators. One of these mediators is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histamine" class="extiw" title="en:histamine">histamine</a> which causes the 5 symptoms of allergic inflammation: heat, pain, swelling, redness and itchiness. Another mediator is IL-4, which affects more B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and produce more IgE and thus the vicious cycle continues.
Licensing
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File history
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| Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| current | 04:58, 13 January 2017 | | 2,122 × 1,348 (800 KB) | 127.0.0.1 (talk) | Simplified diagram showing key events that leads to allergy initiation. <b>A.</b> the allergen enters the body.<b>B.</b> an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" class="extiw" title="en:Antigen-presenting cell">Antigen-presenting cell</a> takes up the allergen molecule and presents its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/epitope" class="extiw" title="en:epitope">epitopes</a>, through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" class="extiw" title="en:Major histocompatibility complex">MHC II receptor</a>, onto its surface. The activated antigen presenting cell then migrates to the nearest lymph node <b>C.</b> where it activates T cells that recognize the allergen. They then give the decision for the T cell to differentiate to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell" class="extiw" title="en:T helper cell">Th2 cell</a>.<b>D.</b> at the same time, B cells recognize the allergen and through the activated Th2 cell <b>E.</b> the B cell would be activated. <b>F.</b>and differentiate into plasma cells, at which point they would actively synthesize antibodies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgE" class="extiw" title="en:IgE">IgE</a> isotype. <b>G.</b> the IgE antibody, that now recognizes epitopes of the allergen molecule, circulates around the body through the <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiovascular_system" class="extiw" title="en:cardiovascular system">cardiovascular systems</a> and finally binds to its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="extiw" title="en:FcεRI">FcεRI</a> receptor on mast and basophil cells. <b>H.</b> when the allergen re-enters the body at a later time it binds to the IgE, which is on the cell surface, resulting in an aggregation of the receptor causing the cells to release pre-formed mediators. One of these mediators is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histamine" class="extiw" title="en:histamine">histamine</a> which causes the 5 symptoms of allergic inflammation: heat, pain, swelling, redness and itchiness. Another mediator is IL-4, which affects more B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and produce more IgE and thus the vicious cycle continues. |
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