Cercozoa

Cercozoa
Cercomonas
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Rhizaria
Phylum:	Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998
Groups
Chlorarachnea / Chlorarachniophyta Spongomonadea Proteomyxidea (Gymnophryidae, Dimorphida, Desmothoracida, Gymnosphaerida, Vampyrellida, etc) Sarcomonadea (Cercomonada) Thecofilosea (Tectofilosida, Cryomonadida) Imbricatea / Silicofilosea (Euglyphida, Thaumatomonadida) Phytomyxea Ascetosporea Gromiidea (Gromia) Phaeodarea Ebridea, etc

The Cercozoa are a group of protists. They are defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin.

Characteristics

The group includes most amoeboids and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods. These may be restricted to part of the cell surface, but there is never a true cytostome or mouth as found in many other protozoa. They show a variety of forms and have proven difficult to define in terms of structural characteristics, although their unity is strongly supported by genetic studies. Cercozoa are closely related to Foraminifera and Radiolaria, amoeboids that usually have complex shells, and together with them form a supergroup called the Rhizaria.

Types

They are sometimes grouped by whether they are "filose" or "reticulose".

Filose (subphylum Filosa)

The best-known Cercozoa are the euglyphids, filose amoebae with shells of siliceous scales or plates, which are commonly found in soils, nutrient-rich waters, and on aquatic plants. Some other filose amoebae produce organic shells, including the tectofilosids and Gromia. They were formerly classified with the euglyphids as the Testaceafilosia. This group is not monophyletic, but nearly all studied members fall in or near the Cercozoa, related to similarly shelled flagellates. Other notable filose cercozoans include the cercomonads, which are common soil flagellates.

Reticulose (subphylum Endomyxa)

Another important group placed here are the chlorarachniophytes, strange amoebae that form a reticulating net. They are set apart by the presence of chloroplasts, which apparently developed from an ingested green alga. They are bound by four membranes and still possess a vestigial nucleus, called a nucleomorph. As such, they have been of great interest to researchers studying the endosymbiotic origins of organelles.

Chlorarachniophytes are sometimes considered Filosa, rather than Endomyxa, while groups such as Gromia are considered Endomyxa.

Ungrouped

In addition, three groups that are traditionally considered heliozoans belong here: the Heliomonadida, Desmothoracida, and Gymnosphaerida, which were recently grouped into the new class of Granofilosea.

Finally, cercozoans include the Phaeodarea, marine protozoa that were previously considered radiolarians.

Classification

Further information: wikispecies:Cercozoa

The exact composition and classification of the Cercozoa are still being worked out. A general scheme is:

Class Chlorarachnea	Chlorarachniophyta
Class Proteomyxidea	Gymnophryida, Heliomonadida, Desmothoracida, Gymnosphaerida, etc.
Class Sarcomonadea	Cercomonadida
Class Imbricatea / Silicofilosea	Euglyphida and Thaumatomonadida
Class Thecofilosea	Tectofilosida and Cryomonadida
Class Phaeodarea
Class Ebridea	Ebridea

In addition two groups of parasites, the Phytomyxea and Ascetosporea, and the shelled amoeba Gromia may be basal Cercozoa, although some trees place them closer to the Foraminifera.

The spongomonads have been included here, but more recently have been considered Amoebozoa.

Some other small groups of protozoans are considered Cercozoa but are of uncertain placement, and it is likely many obscure genera will turn out to be cercozoans with further study.

External links

• Tree of Life Cercozoa