Financial sector development
Financial sector development in developing countries and emerging markets is part of the private sector development strategy to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty.
The Financial sector is the set of institutions, instruments, and markets. It also includes the legal and regulatory framework that permit transactions to be made through the extension of credit.[1] Fundamentally, financial sector development concerns overcoming “costs” incurred in the financial system. This process of reducing costs of acquiring information, enforcing contracts, and executing transactions results in the emergence of financial contracts, intermediaries, and markets. Different types and combinations of information, transaction, and enforcement costs in conjunction with different regulatory, legal and tax systems have motivated distinct forms of contracts, intermediaries and markets across countries in different times.[2]
The five key functions of a financial system in a country are: (i) information production ex ante about possible investments and capital allocation; (ii) monitoring investments and the exercise of corporate governance after providing financing; (iii) facilitation of the trading, diversification, and management of risk; (iv) mobilization and pooling of savings; and (v) promoting the exchange of goods and services.[3]
Financial sector development takes place when financial instruments, markets, and intermediaries work together to reduce the costs of information, enforcement and transactions.[2] A solid and well-functioning financial sector is a powerful engine behind economic growth. It generates local savings, which in turn lead to productive investments in local business. Furthermore, effective banks can channel international streams of private remittances. The financial sector therefore provides the rudiments for income-growth and job creation.
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Importance of Financial Sector Development
There are ample evidence suggesting that financial sector development plays a significant role in economic development. It promotes economic growth through capital accumulation and technological advancement by boosting savings rate, delivering information about investment, optimizing the allocation of capital, mobilizing and pooling savings, and facilitating and encouraging foreign capital inflows.[4] A meta-analysis of 67 empirical studies finds that financial development is robustly associated with economic growth.[5]
Countries with better-developed financial systems tend to enjoy a sustained period of growth, and studies confirm the causal link between the two: financial development is not simply a result of economic growth; it is also the driver for growth.[6]
Additionally, it reduces poverty and inequality by enabling and broadening access for the poor and vulnerable groups, facilitating risk management by reducing their vulnerability to shocks, and raising investment and productivity that generates higher income.[7]
Financial sector development also assists the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by giving them with access to finance. SMEs are typically labor-intensive and create more jobs than large firms, which contributes significantly to economic development in emerging economies.
Additionally, financial sector development also entails establishing robust financial policies and regulatory framework. The absence of adequate financial sector policies could have disastrous outcome, as illustrated by the global financial crisis. Financial sector development has heavy implication on economic development‐‐both when it functions and malfunctions.[8]
The crisis has challenged conventional thinking in financial sector policies and sparked debate on how best to achieve sustainable development. To effectively reassess and re-implement financial policies, publications such as Global Financial Development Report (GFDR) by the World Bank and Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR) by the IMF can play an important role.
The Global Financial Development Report, a new initiative by the World Bank, highlights issues that have come to the forefront after the crisis and presents policy recommendation to strengthen systems and avoid similar crisis in the future. By gathering data and knowledge on financial development around the world, the GFDR report aims to put into spotlight issues of financial development and hopes to present analysis and expert views on current policy issues.
In Malaysia, the Asian Institute of Finance was established by Bank Negara Malaysia and Securities Commission Malaysia to develop human capital in the financial services industry.
Measurement of Financial Development
A good measurement of financial development is crucial in evaluating the progress of financial sector development and understanding the corresponding impact on economic growth and poverty reduction.
However, in practice, it is difficult to measure financial development given the complexity and dimensions it encompasses. Empirical work done so far is usually based on standard quantitative indicators available for a longer time period for a broad range of countries. For instance, ratio of financial institutions’ assets to GDP, ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP, and ratio of deposits to GDP.[2]
However, since the financial sector of a country comprises a variety of financial institutions, markets and products, these measures only serve as a rough estimate and do not fully capture all aspects of financial development.
The World Bank’s Global Financial Development Database (GFDD) developed a comprehensive yet relatively simple conceptual 4x2 framework to measure financial development worldwide. This framework identifies four sets of proxy variables characterizing a well-functioning financial system: financial depth, access, efficiency, and stability.[9] These four dimensions are then broken down for two major components in the financial sector, namely the financial institutions and financial markets:
Financial Institutions | Financial Markets | |
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Depth |
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Access |
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Efficiency |
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Stability |
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References
- ↑ OECD. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=6815
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 World Bank GFDR Report
- ↑ Based on broad reviews of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature, Levine (1997,2005)
- ↑ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/finsecworkingpaper.pdf
- ↑ Financial Development and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis
- ↑ Levine, Loayza and Beck (2000)
- ↑ Demirgüç-Kunt and Levine (2009)
- ↑ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/5ac5600a-69e2-11e1-8996-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F5ac5600a-69e2-11e1-8996-00144feabdc0.html&_i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FEXTDEC%2FEXTGLOBALFINREPORT%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A23268767%7EpagePK%3A64168182%7EpiPK%3A64168060%7EtheSitePK%3A8816097%2C00.html#axzz2AuKzpO8M
- ↑ http://faculty.som.yale.edu/mushfiqmobarak/financial%20sector%20development.pdf