Floppy-disk controller

File:IBM PC Original 5.25 Diskette Drive Adapter.jpg

5 1/4 Diskette Drive Adapter found on the IBM PC (IBM 5150)

A floppy-disk controller (FDC) is a special-purpose chip and associated disk controller circuitry that directs and controls reading from and writing to a computer's floppy disk drive (FDD). This article contains concepts common to FDCs based on the NEC µPD765 and Intel 8272A or 82072A and their descendants, as used in the IBM PC and compatibles from the 1980s and 1990s. The concepts may or may not be applicable to, or illustrative of, other controllers or architectures.

Overview

A single floppy-disc controller (FDC) board can support up to four floppy disk drives. The controller is linked to the system bus of the computer and appears as a set of I/O ports to the CPU. It is often also connected to a channel of the DMA controller. On the x86 PC the floppy controller uses IRQ 6, on other systems other interrupt schemes may be used. The floppy disc controller usually performs data transmission in direct memory access (DMA) mode.

The diagram below shows a floppy disc controller which communicates with the CPU via an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. An alternative arrangement which is more usual in recent designs has the FDC included in a super I/O chip which communicates via a Low Pin Count (LPC) bus.

File:Fdcinpc.jpg

Block diagram showing FDC communication with the CPU and the FDD.

Most of the floppy disc controller (FDC) functions are performed by the integrated circuit but some are performed by external hardware circuits. The list of functions performed by each is given below.

Floppy disk controller functions (FDC)

• Translate data bits into MFM or GCR format to be able to record them
• Interpret and execute commands such as seek, read, write, format, etc.
• Error detection with checksums generation and verification, like CRC
• Synchronize data with phase-locked loop (PLL)

External hardware functions

• Selection of floppy disk drive (FDD)
• Switching-on the floppy drive motor
• Reset signal for the floppy controller IC
• Enable/disable interrupt and DMA signals in the floppy disc controller (FDC)
• Data separation logic
• Write pre-compensation logic
• Line drivers for signals to the controller
• Line receivers for signals from the controller

Input/output ports for common x86-PC controller

The FDC has three I/O ports. These are:

• Data port
• Main status register (MSR)
• Control port

The first two reside inside the FDC IC while the Control port is in the external hardware. The addresses of these three ports are as follows.

Port Address [hex]	Port Name	Location	Port type
3F5	Data register		Bidirectional I/O
3F4	Main status register	FDC IC	Input
3F2	Digital control port	External hardware	Output

Data port

This port is used by the software for three different purposes:

• While issuing a command to the FDC IC, command and command parameter bytes are issued to the FDC IC through this port. The FDC IC stores the different parameters and the command in its internal registers.
• After a command is executed, the FDC IC stores a set of status parameters in the internal registers. These are read by the CPU through this port. The different status bytes are presented by the FDC IC in a specific sequence.
• In the programmed and interrupt mode of data transfer, the data port is used for transferring data between the FDC IC and the CPU IN or OUT instruction.

Main status register (MSR)

This port is used by the software to read the overall status information regarding the FDC IC and the FDD's. Before initiating a floppy disk operation the software reads this port to confirm the readiness condition of the FDC and the disk drives to verify the status of the previously initiated command. The different bits of this register represent :

Bit	Representation
0	FDD 0 : Busy in seek mode
1	FDD 1 : Busy in seek mode
2	FDD 2 : Busy in seek mode
3	FDD 3 : Busy in seek mode
4	FDC Busy; Read/Write command in progress
5	Non-DMA mode
6	DIO; Indicates the direction of data transfer between the FDC IC and the CPU
7	MQR; Indicates data register is ready for data transfer

Explanations
MQR	1 = data register ready, 0 = data register not ready
DIO	1 = controller has data for CPU, 0 = controller expecting data from CPU
Non-DMA	1 = Controller Not in DMA Mode, 0 = Controller in DMA Mode
FDC Busy	1 = Busy, 0 = Not Busy
FDD 0,1,2,3	1 = Running, 0 = Not Running

Digital control port

This port is used by the software to control certain FDD and FDC IC functions. The bit assignments of this port are:

Bit	Representation
0 and 1	Device number to be selected
2	RESET FDC IC (Low)
3	Enable FDC interrupt and DMA request signals
4 to 7	Turn ON the motor in disk drive 0, 1, 2 or 3 respectively

Format data

Main article: List of floppy disk formats

Many mutually incompatible floppy disk formats are possible; aside from the physical format on the disk, incompatible file systems are also possible.

Drive	Format	Capacity	Transfer speed [kbit/s]	RPM	Tracks	TPI	Comment
8" SD	8" SD	80 kB	33.333	360	32	48	Only on old controllers.
5.25" SD	5.25" SD	160 kB	125		40		Only on old controllers.
5.25" SD	5.25" SD	171 kB	250–308		35		Only on C1541 compatibles.
5.25" SD	5.25" SD	180 kB	150		40		Only on old controllers.
5.25" DD	5.25" DD	320/360/400 KB	250	300	40	48	. 8/9/10 512K sectors respectively.
5.25" DD (96tpi)	5.25" QD (2DD)	800 kB	250	300	80	96
5.25" HD	5.25" DD	360 kB	300	360	40	48
5.25" HD	5.25" HD	1.2 MB	500	360	80	96	Up to 83 tracks. Different biasing current.
5.25" HD	5.25" HD	720 kB	300	360	80		Up to 83 tracks.
3.5" DD	3.5" DD	720 kB	250	300	80	135	Up to 83 tracks.
3.5" DD	3.5" DD	800 kB	250	300	80		Used by C1581.
3.5" DD	3.5" DD	880 kB	250	300	80		Up to 83 tracks. Used by Amiga computers.
3.5" DD	3.5" DD	360 kB	250	300	40
3.5" HD	3.5" DD	720 kB	250	300	80		Up to 83 tracks.
3.5" HD	3.5" HD	1.44 MB	500	300	80	135	Up to 83 tracks.
3.5" HD	3.5" HD	1.76 MB	250	300	80		Used by Amiga computers.
3.5" ED	3.5" ED	2.88 MB	1000	300	80	135	Up to 83 tracks.

Sides:

• SS – Single sided
• DS – Double sided

Density:

• SD – Single density (FM)
• DD – Double density (MFM)
• HD – High density
• ED – Extended density (Perpendicular recording)

"3mode" floppy drive

Primarily in Japan there are 3.5" high-density floppy drives that support three modes of disk formats instead of the normal two – 1.44 MB (2 MB unformatted), 1.2 MB (1.6 MB unformatted) and 720 kB (1 MB unformatted). Originally, the high-density mode for 3.5" floppy drives in Japan only supported a capacity of 1.2 MB instead of the 1.44 MB capacity that was used elsewhere. While the more common 1.44 MB format spun at 300 rpm, the 1.2 MB format instead spun at 360 rpm, thereby closely resembling the 1.2 MB format with 15 sectors per track previously found on 5.25" high-density floppy drives. Later Japanese floppy drives incorporated support for both high-density formats (as well as the single-density format), hence the name 3mode. Some BIOSes have a configuration setting to enable this mode for floppy drives supporting it.

See also

• List of floppy disk formats

References

• ISO/IEC 8860-1:1987 Double-Density (DD)
• ISO/IEC 9529-1:1989 High-Density (HD)
• ISO 10994-1:1992 Extra-high-density (ED)
• ECMA-147

External links

• viralpatel.net A Tutorial on Programming Floppy Disk Controller
• isdaman.com Programming Floppy Disk Controllers