Focus stacking
Focus stacking (also known as focal plane merging and z-stacking[1] or focus blending) is a digital image processing technique which combines multiple images taken at different focus distances to give a resulting image with a greater depth of field (DOF) than any of the individual source images.[2][3] Focus stacking can be used in any situation where individual images have a very shallow depth of field; macro photography and optical microscopy are two typical examples. Although focus stacking technique can be found in landscape photography also.
Focus stacking offers flexibility: as focus stacking is a computational technique, images with several different depths of field can be generated in post-processing and compared for best artistic merit or scientific clarity. Focus stacking also allows generation of images physically impossible with normal imaging equipment; images with nonplanar focus regions can be generated. Alternative techniques for generating images with increased or flexible depth of field include wavefront coding and plenoptic cameras.
Technique
The starting point for focus stacking is a series of images captured at different focal depths; in each image different areas of the sample will be in focus. While none of these images has the sample entirely in focus they collectively contain all the data required to generate an image which has all parts of the sample in focus. In-focus regions of each image may be detected automatically, for example via edge detection or Fourier analysis, or selected manually. The in-focus patches are then blended together to generate the final image.
This processing is also called z-stacking, focal plane merging (or zedification in French).[4][5]
In photography
Getting sufficient depth of field can be particularly challenging in macro photography, because depth of field is smaller (shallower) for objects nearer the camera, so if a small object fills the frame, it is often so close that its entire depth cannot be in focus at once. Depth of field is normally increased by stopping down aperture (using a larger f-number), but beyond a certain point, stopping down causes blurring due to diffraction, which counteracts the benefit of being in focus. Focus stacking allows the depth of field of images taken at the sharpest aperture to be effectively increased. The images at right illustrate the increase in DOF that can be achieved by combining multiple exposures.
The Mars Science Laboratory mission has a device called Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) which can take photos which can later be focus stacked.[6]
In microscopy
In microscopy high numerical apertures are desirable to capture as much light as possible from a small sample. A high numerical aperture (equivalent to a low f number) gives a very shallow depth of field. Higher magnification objective lenses generally have shallower depth of field; a 100× objective lens with a numerical aperture of around 1.4 has a depth of field of approximately 1 μm. When observing a sample directly the limitations of the shallow depth of field are easy to circumvent by focusing up and down through the sample; to effectively present microscopy data of a complex 3D structure in 2D focus stacking is a very useful technique.
Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy encounters similar difficulties, where specimen features are much larger than the depth of field. By taking a through-focal series, the depth of focus can be reconstructed to create a single image entirely in focus.[7]
Software
| Name | Primary author | Platform | License |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe Photoshop[8] CS4, CS5, CS6 | Adobe | Windows, Mac OS X | Proprietary |
| Aphelion with Multifocus extension | ADCIS | Windows | Proprietary, 30-day trial |
| ImageFocus Stacking software | Euromex Microscopes Holland | Windows | Proprietary, 30-day trial |
| ALE ALE archive.org | David Hilvert | Linux, Windows | GPL |
| Chasys Draw IES | John Paul Chacha | Windows | Proprietary |
| CombineZ | Alan Hadley | Windows | GPL |
| Deep Focus module for QuickPHOTO | PROMICRA | Windows | Proprietary, time-unlimited trial |
| Enfuse (combined with align_image_stack or similar) | Andrew Mihal and hugin development team | Multiplatform | GPL |
| Extended Depth of Field plugin for ImageJ |
Alex Prudencio, Jesse Berent and Daniel Sage | Multi-platform (Java) | Free for use for research purposes |
| Helicon Focus | Danylo Kozub | Windows, Mac OS X | Proprietary, 30-day trial |
| Image Pro Plus | Media Cybernetics | Windows | Proprietary |
| Macnification | Peter Schols | Mac OS X | Proprietary, 30-day trial |
| MacroFusion, GUI for Enfuse | Dariusz Duma | Linux | GPL v2 |
| PhotoAcute Studio | Almalence Inc | Windows, Mac OS X, Linux | Proprietary, time-unlimited trial |
| PICOLAY | Heribert Cypionka | Windows | Freeware |
| SnapFuse Image Fusion Software | Peter Y Lin, aka MJKZZ | Windows | Proprietary |
| Stack Focuser plugin for ImageJ |
Michael Umorin | Multi-platform (Java) | GPL |
| Tufuse | Max Lyons | Windows | Freeware |
| Zeiss Axiovision | Carl Zeiss AG | Windows | |
| Zerene Stacker | Rik Littlefield | Windows, Mac OS X, Linux | Proprietary, 30-day trial |
| ImageFocus Stacking software | FlexxVision Deutschland | Windows | Proprietary, free |
| github.com/cmcguinness/focusstack | Charles McGuinness | Multi-platform (Python) | Apache 2.0 |
See also
- Deconvolution microscopy
- Focus bracketing
- High dynamic range imaging (HDR)
- Image stitching
- Brenizer Method
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Focus stacking. |
Specific
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- ↑ Johnson 2008, 336
- ↑ Ray 2002, 231–232
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General
- Johnson, Dave. 2008. How to Do Everything: Digital Camera. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. ISBN 978-0-07-149580-6
- Ray, Sidney. 2002. Applied Photographic Optics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51540-4
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