Formica

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For the plastic, see Formica (plastic).
Formica
File:A Formica rufa collecting.jpg
Formica rufa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Subfamily:
Formicinae
Tribe:
Formicini
Genus:
Formica
Type species
Formica rufa[1]
Diversity[2]
234 species
Synonyms

Adformica Lomnicki, 1925
Coptoformica Müller, 1923
Formicina Shuckard, 1840
Neoformica Wheeler, 1913
Raptiformica Forel, 1913
Serviformica Forel, 1913

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Formica is a genus of ants of the family Formicidae, commonly known as wood ants, mound ants, thatching ants, and field ants. Formica is the type genus of the Formicidae, and of the subfamily Formicinae.[3] The type species of genus Formica is the European red wood ant Formica rufa.[1] Ants of this genus tend to be between 4 to 8 mm long.[4]

Habitat

As the name wood ant implies, many Formica species live in wooded areas where no shortage of material exists with which they can thatch their mounds. One shade-tolerant species is F. lugubris. However, sunlight is important to most Formica species, and colonies rarely survive for any considerable period in deeply shaded, dense woodland. The majority of species, especially outside the F. rufa species group, are inhabitants of more open woodlands or treeless grassland or shrubland. In North America, at least, these habitats had a long history of frequent landscape-scale fires that kept them open before European settlement. Conversion to agriculture and fire suppression have reduced the abundance of most American Formica species, while the cessation of traditional haycutting seems to have had the same effect in Europe. However, at least a few Formica species may be found in a wide range of habitats from cities to seasides to grasslands to swamps to forests of the temperate Northern Hemisphere.[citation needed]

In more suburban landscapes, they tend to nest near structures such as sidewalks, fences, or building foundations.[4]

Nests

170px
F. obscuripes mound (left) and a Formica mound on a rotting stump with worker ants (right)

Mound-building, forest-dwelling Formica spp. such as F. rufa often have a considerable effect on their environments. They maintain large populations of aphids on the secretions of which they feed, and which the ants defend from other predators. They also prey on other insects. In fact in many countries they are introduced in forests to control tree pests, such as swains jack pine sawfly and eastern tent caterpillars in North America. The effects of mound-building grassland species such as F. montana are not well-studied, but their local abundance, conspicuous mound-building and very frequent association with aphids and membracids points to a comparably important ecological role.[citation needed]

Formica nests are of many different types from simple shaft-and-chamber excavations in soil with a small crater or turret of soil above to large mounds, under stones or logs, or in stumps. None is arboreal. The genus is abundant in both the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Due to their relatively large size and diurnal activity, they are among the more commonly seen ants in northern North America.[citation needed] Some species, including F. rufa, which is common in Southern England, make large, visible thatch nests of dry plant stems, leaves, or conifer needles, usually based around a rotting stump.

Most Formica species are polygynous (have multiple queens per colony), and some are polydomous (have multiple nests belonging to the same colony).[5] Queens may be singly or multiply mated, and may or may not be related. Formica polyctena has polygynous colonies.[6]

Wood ants typically secrete formic acid; F. rufa can squirt the acid from its acidopore several feet if alarmed, a habit which may have given rise to the archaic term for ant, "pismire", and by analogy its American equivalent "piss-ant". They can be relatively large: F. rufa workers can reach a maximum length around 10 mm. The eastern US species F. dolosa and the western F. ravida (syn. F. haemorrhoidalis) may be slightly longer.[citation needed]

Social characteristics

Ants are eusocial organisms - the individuals of the species work together to survive, produce the next generation, and accomplish tasks which cannot be accomplished alone.[7] Unlike other some ants, the genus Formica does not have separate castes, which are based on an individual's specialization and morphology. For example, F. selysi, a species native to floodplains, has developed a method to deal with flooding. Individual ants come together to form a living raft to survive the flood. Individual ants tend to take the position in the raft which they held in the past. This return to the same role in the raft is an example of specialization.[7]

"Slave-making" behavior

Formica ants are notable for their parasitic and slave-making behaviors. The three categories are:[citation needed]

  • In the F. exsecta and F. rufa-microgyna groups, virgin queens cannot start colonies on their own, but invade colonies of other groups and by various processes eventually oust the host queen and have the host workers help them raise their own brood. Eventually, the colony consists of only the invading queen's offspring. This is called temporary social parasitism.[citation needed]
  • In the F. sanguinea group, colonies are started as above, but in some species, workers raid colonies of other groups for new workers to act as a work force, so-called slaves. F. sanguinea performs this behavior.[8]

Some species of this group need to do this to survive, for others it is optional.[citation needed]

  • The F. pallidefulva, F. neogagates, and F. fusca groups are those most often parasitized by the above groups. They are also enslaved by ants of the genus Polyergus. The evolution of this behavior is believed ultimately to have been derived from the common habit of many Formica species of adopting recently mated queens into established colonies. Indeed, in many of the parasitic species outside the "slave-makers", this "secondary polygyny" is common.[citation needed]

Species

File:Formica accreta, with cocoons.jpg
F. accreta worker, with cocoons
File:Formica integroides worker ant.jpg
F. integroides worker

As of 2016, Formica contains 175 extant species and 59 extinct species.[2]

Species include:[9]

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:AntCat
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Klotz, 2008: p. 33
  6. ↑ Helantera, Heikki, and Liselotte Sundström. “Worker Reproduction in Formica Ants.” The American Naturalist , Vol. 170, No. 1 (July 2007).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ cf. P. Huber via Darwin's Origin of Species, in Chapter VIII. Instinct[unreliable source?]
  9. ↑ Formica species list. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Further reading

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External links

  • Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons
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