Fort Carlton

Fort Carlton
Southwest of Prince Albert and west of Duck Lake in Canada along the North Saskatchewan River
Type	Stockade
Site information
Controlled by	Hudson's Bay Company North-West Mounted Police
Site history
Built	1810
In use	1810-1885
Materials	Wood
Battles/wars	Battle of Duck Lake
National Historic Site of Canada
Official name	Carlton House National Historic Site of Canada
Designated	1976

Fort Carlton was a Hudson's Bay Company fur trade post from 1810 until 1885. It was rebuilt by the Saskatchewan government as a provincial historic park and can be visited today. It is about 65 kilometers north of Saskatoon.

History

First called Carlton House, two previous posts were established in 1795 and 1804 respectively, before being abandoned for the third and permanent fort.

Three Fort Carltons

• The first Fort Carlton (1795-1801) was built at a safer site near the old French post of Fort de la Corne in 1795 following the destruction of South Branch House. James Bird, Joseph Howse and J. P. Pruden were in charge. The NWC had a nearby post called Fort St. Louis. It produced few furs and was closed in 1801.
• The second Fort Carlton (1805-1810) was built on the South Saskatchewan River six miles upstream from the former South Branch House. J. P. Pruden and Joseph Howse were in charge and there was a nearby NWC post. In 1810 both companies abandoned the South Saskatchewan and moved to the third Fort Carlton.
• The third Fort Carlton was built on the south bank of the North Saskatchewan at the Great Crossing Place, a ford of that river. The area was prairie and not beaver country, but there were plentiful woods nearby and even a supply of limestone. The NWC had its Fort La Montée inside the same stockade as Fort Carlton. In 1816 the Nor'Westers moved out and established a second Fort La Montée on the north bank 3 miles upstream. With the union in 1821 La Montée was abandoned and whatever could be salvaged was rafted down to Fort Carlton. In 1824 a group of Plains Indians tried to attack the fort but were driven off. By 1835 the buildings were in disrepair and a new hexagonal fort was built 200 yards to the west. This fell into disrepair and a new fort was built a few yards east of the first fort in 1855-58. About this time it was a depot for the winter express mail. Men coming from the upper Saskatchewan and Athabasca would meet and exchange mail with men coming from the Red River country south of Lake Winnipeg. There was a smallpox epidemic in 1869. Steamboats arrived on the Saskatchewan in 1874.

Commercial

Location of Fort Carlton

As a Company post it primarily dealt in provisions, namely pemmican and buffalo robes although other furs were traded as well. Lawrence Clarke served as its last Chief Factor. It was a major base of operations for the Company's Saskatchewan District.

Situated on the Carlton Trail from the Red River Colony in present-day Manitoba to Fort Edmonton in what is now Alberta, Fort Carlton served as a hub for travellers. It was located along the North Saskatchewan River not far from Duck Lake, Saskatchewan.

Military

Treaty Six between the Canadian monarch and various Cree and Saulteaux First Nations was initially negotiated and signed near the Fort in 1876. Big Bear (Mistahimaskwa) had used the site in his initial negotiations for Treaty Six in about 1884, and finally, the following year he surrendered here after his engagement at Steele Narrows. The Prince Albert blockhouse was employed by the Royal Northwest Mounted Police on evacuating from Fort Carlton after the first fire.

The North-West Mounted Police leased the fort from the company in the 1880s, and it was their main base in the Saskatchewan Valley region. Following the Battle of Duck Lake it was abandoned by the police and Prince Albert Volunteers then briefly occupied by Gabriel Dumont's Métis forces, who later chose to withdraw to Batoche. During the 1885 conflict, the fort was destroyed by fire.

Public

Fort Carlton Provincial Park was opened in 1967. It features a partial reconstruction of the fort c. 1880, including four replica buildings of "Red River frame" construction.

The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1976.

See also

• Saskatchewan River fur trade
• Lawrence Clarke - Hudson's Bay Company Factor at Fort Carlton
• Wingard, Saskatchewan
• Treaty Six

External links

• Fort Carlton - The Canadian Encyclopedia
• Canadian Registry of Historic Places
• Trading in Fur - Virtual Saskatchewan
• Fort Carlton Provincial Park