Galba truncatula

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Galba truncatula
Galba truncatula.jpg
Shells of Galba truncatula, the scale bar is in mm
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Hygrophila
Superfamily:
Lymnaeoidea
Family:
Lymnaeidae
Subfamily:
Lymnaeinae
Genus:
Galba
Species:
G. truncatula
Binomial name
Galba truncatula
Synonyms
  • Buccinum truncatulum O. F. Müller, 1774 (original combination)
  • Galba truncatula (O. F. Müller, 1774)
  • Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula (Müller, 1774)
  • Lymnaea truncatula (O. F. Müller, 1774)

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Galba (Galba) truncatula is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. [3]

Until recently, this species was known as Lymnaea truncatula.

Galba truncatula is the vector mainly involved in fascioliasis transmission to humans.[4]

Distribution

Galba truncatula is believed to be native to Europe, but it has been introduced in other parts of world.[5] Currently, Galba truncatula is commonly distributed in all European countries, including most Mediterranean islands such as Corsica, Malta, the Azores, Madeira, the Faroe Islands, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands.[1] Despite the fact that Galba truncatula has spread worldwide, exact distribution maps of the species are not available. In addition, most reports are based on morphological determination of the snail. Molecular evidences on the presence of Galba truncatula from non-European areas are limited. Galba truncatula has also been found in North and South America, several parts of Africa, and Asia.[5]

In South America, the presence of Galba truncatula has already been molecularly verified in Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela.[4] In Africa, Galba truncatula is present mainly in Northern parts (i.e. Morocco,[6] Algeria,[7] Tunis,[8] Egypt[9]) but also in South Africa,[10] Ethiopia,[11] Kenya, and Tanzania.[12]

In Asia, the snail occurs in Russia[5] but other Asian countries were reported very rarely. Galba truncatula was found in Iran,[13] Pakistan[14] and India.[1]

File:Galba truncatula shell.png
Apertural view of a shell of Galba truncatula.

Description

The height of the shell is 5–10 mm and the width of the shell is 2.5–6 mm.

The maximum length of the shell is 12.00 mm.[4] Whorls are stepped.[4] The columella is folded.[4]

Tentacles are wider and with a wide base.[4] Eyes are small.[4] Mantle roof shows larger unpigmented whitish spots giving a pale appearance to the shell of living specimens by transparency.[4]

The first bilateral teeth is tricuspid in radula.[4] The praeputium/penis sheath length ratio is 2.50-5.90 mm (mean 3.44 mm).[4]

Two species that have a similar morphology: Galba neotropica and Galba schirazensis.[4] Although several phenotypic characteristics may a priori be helpful for a preliminary specimen classification, a definitive classification of a specimen can only be obtained by the sequencing of at least one of the molecular markers used: ITS-2, ITS-1, 16S and cox1.[4] Moreover mixed populations of Galba truncatula and Galba schirazensis have already been described in the field.[4]

Ecology

Habitat

Galba truncatula can occupy both temporary and permanent freshwater habitats.[15][16] The species occurs commonly in shallow well aerated water, in marshes, ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, water ditches.[15][17] In case of larger water bodies, the snail occurs mostly on the edge between water and land, sometimes outside water layer on mud.[15] Galba truncatula can be very abundant, with high population densities and it has an evident anthropophily including usual presence in human neighbourhood.[4]

Galba truncatula is amphibious organism and can survive long dry periods. This is caused by its high ability to aestivate during drought conditions. It is known that Galba truncatula can survive 6 weeks to 4.5 months of dry periods in aestivated stage in mud. In the laboratory cultures, Kendall (1949) observed survival over 1 year in Petri dishes without water.[15]

The species requires alkaline pH (pH range 7.0 up to 9.6)[17][18] and calcium content over 0,3 mekv/l.[17]

Galba truncatula can live at a very high altitude such as in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano (an area located between 3800 and 4100 m high altitude).[4]

Feeding habits

Galba truncatula feed on algae and fresh or decomposed parts of plants.[19]

Life cycle

In Europe, it has usually 2 generations per year and snails can live up to 2 years.[20] During very wet years, the species can produce occasionally 3 generations per year.[21]

They are hatching from eggs. The shape of egg cluster is rounded to oval shape even when containing more eggs.[4] There are usually 2-15 eggs in cluster.[4]

Parasites

Galba truncatula is an intermediate host for these known trematodes and nematodes:

Transmission capacity of fascioliasis to humans and to animals is high.[4]

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference[4]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Madhyastha A. (2010). Galba truncatula. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 16 September 2012.
  2. ↑ Müller, O. F. 1774. Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. - pp. I-XXVI [= 1-36], 1-214, [1-10]. Havniae & Lipsiae. (Heineck & Faber).
  3. ↑ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2014). Galba (Galba) truncatula (Müller, 1774). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=822446 on 2014-11-17
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 Bargues M. D., Artigas P., Khoubbane M., Ortiz P., Naquira C. & Mas-Coma S. (2012). "Molecular characterisation of Galba truncatula, Lymnaea neotropica and L. schirazensis from Cajamarca, Peru and their potential role in transmission of human and animal fascioliasis". Parasites & Vectors 5: 174. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-174, table 2.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Glöer P. & Pešić V. (2012). "The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species". ZooKeys 219: 11-61, doi:10.3897/zookeys.219.3406.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Glöer P. (2002). Überfamilie Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque 1815. Familie Lymnaeidae Lamarck 1812. In: Glöer P. (ed.) Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord-und Mitteleuropas. Bestimmungschlüssel, Lebensweise, Verbreitung. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 73. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, pp. 200–232.
  18. ↑ (Swedish) Nilsson C., Ericsson U., Medin M., Sundberg I. (1998). Sötvattenssnäckor i södra Sverige – en jämförelse med 1940-talet. Naturvårdsverket Rapport 4903.
  19. ↑ (Czech) Beran L. (1998) Vodní měkkýši ČR. Metodika ČSOP 17, ČSOP Vlašim, 113 pp.
  20. ↑ (Polish) Jackiewicz M. (2000). Blotniarky Europy (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae). Wydawnictwo Kontekst, Poznań. 115 pp.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Chapuis E. (2009). "Correlation between parasite prevalence and adult size in a trematode-mollusc system: evidence for evolutionary gigantism in the freshwater snail Galba truncatula?" Journal of Molluscan Studies 75(4): 391-396. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyp035.
  • Trouve S., Degen L. & Goudet J. (2005). "Ecological components and evolution of selfing in the freshwater snail Galba truncatula". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18(2): 358-370. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00831.x.

External links

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