Video game rehabilitation

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Not to be confused with video game addiction.

Video game rehabilitation, also known as gaming rehabilitation is a process of using common video game consoles and methodology to target and improve physical and mental weaknesses through therapeutic processes. Platforms that feature motion control, notably the Nintendo Wii, Microsoft's Xbox Kinect, and Sony's Eye Toy, and virtual reality scenarios have all been effective in this field of research. Methodologies have been applied to all age groups, ranging from toddler to elderly aged people worldwide and have been used in a variety of cases ranging from stroke rehabilitation, cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments, to people with tendinitis and multiple sclerosis. Researchers have promoted such technology based on the personalization of gaming systems to patients which allows for further engagement and interaction. Additionally, gaming consoles have the ability to capture real-time data and provide instant feedback to the patients using the systems. Currently, several researchers have performed case studies to demonstrate the benefits of this technology, however, repeat trials and experiments have shown that outcomes are easily replicated among several groups worldwide. Additionally, the outcomes have increased interest in the field, growing experiments beyond simple case studies to experiments with larger participant basis.

History

The use of virtual feedback has been seen scattered throughout history for quite some time. However, though the feedback was virtual, the performances were not widely virtual until the 1990s. With the early-stage experimentation, not many positive results were found causing some doubt of the systems. Some even found that too much virtual feedback increased poor performance outside of the controlled environment.[1] As virtual reality systems and virtual environments became more accessible and affordable, though, so too did the implementations of and research on them. The use of these systems in positive motor skill development began somewhere in the late 1990s as more researchers realized the benefit of internal, corrective feedback in such environments.[2] Additionally, at the same time, researchers across the world began experimenting with the effect of virtual reality in therapeutic measures for anxiety disorder and phobias.[3] With positive results, such as better motor control and lower anxiety in relation to phobias, coming from these experiments, researchers began looking into virtual reality systems as a form of rehabilitation in the early 2000s, and the research has expanded since. Now, common gaming consoles such as the Wii and Kinect allow researchers to use cheaper, more readily available systems in their labs, as well, opening up new possibilities for games and rehabilitation options. Case studies and use of systems in actual therapy offices have suggested that this field has the potential to impact therapy outside the lab setting, as well, making it a rapidly growing field of interest. Currently, several reviews of the findings have also suggested positive effects of this form of rehabilitation, garnering support for this field as well.[4]

Several studies have been conducted regarding the potential of applying virtual reality to different therapies. A systematic literature review published in 2012 analyzed 963 publications regarding virtual reality and rehabilitation from 1996 and 2010. Investigators found an increasing number of research done in the field yearly, from less than 10 articles per year in 1997 to more than 40 in 2010. More than the number of articles analyzed, this literature review found important issues to be addressed in future studies: i) the need to consider a greater number of participants in each study to best represent the target populations; ii) to improve the use of control groups; iii) to enhance the uniformity of the tests applied and iv) to execute more follow up studies in the field. These aspects would allow the comparison among different studies and the conceptualization of the results from different studies. Lastly, this investigation cites the importance of research in the field of virtual reality and rehabilitation, once the potential of this technology is recognized to support the neural and cognitive rehabilitation of different patients.[5]

Rehabilitation through gaming vs. regular methods

Throughout its development, gaming in rehabilitation has gained a large amount of support for its differences in comparison to regular therapeutic methods. The biggest of these differences is the user engagement and enjoyment. It has been extensively shown that people feel more engaged in a gaming environment and less contained in a doctors office when interacting in a virtual reality, gaming environment.[6] Additionally, those who are able to participate in gaming rehabilitation have also been shown to use less energy than those participating in normal therapeutic methods. While this may not be positive for all patients, this is beneficial for those patients who may be elderly or have minimal energy to expend in therapy-type settings.[6] Saving energy while still participating in therapy has proven effective for these groups of people, since they are still able to progress in their goals towards rehabilitation, but not over-work themselves in the process.

The ability for gaming consoles to exist anywhere and be purchased by anyone also allows this sort of therapy to be quite personalized to the patient. Patients who use gaming rehabilitation have been shown to be more engaged in the therapy efforts and more likely to continue their therapy outside of the doctor's office than those engaging in regular therapeutic efforts.[7] Being able to bring their therapy into the comfort of their own home and at a relatively low cost contributes to these outcomes. Additionally, as a result of their increased adherence to therapy and motivation to engage in therapy, patients who engage in gaming rehabilitation have also shown improved outcomes of their efforts.[8]

Another benefit to using games for rehabilitation purposes is that they have the ability to be customized to real-life scenarios more so than typical therapy methods do. When asked about their therapy, patients have reported that they don't see the relation to their every-day life when performing the activities. Instead, they see it as an activity they do simply in their doctor's office, away from their regular life.[9] Virtual reality-based rehabilitation has the ability to be designed to introduce real-life challenges and every-day hurdles that can be seen in the real world. They're tailored to the needs of the individuals and to the environment that they are expected to encounter on a regular basis. This consideration contributes to the "ecological validity" of the rehabilitation method.[9]

Typical rehabilitation methods have also been seen to present difficulties to those participating in them. At times these difficulties keep anywhere from 30%–66% of people from reaching their goals for their therapy.[10] When the goals are not achieved people are generally made to participate in longer therapy sessions, more therapy sessions, or more in-depth and difficult sessions than before, such as constraint-induced movement therapy. In each of these cases, patients are generally forced to pay more than before and are also put through more work than they initially planned. It has been found through research, however, that virtual reality situations can likely increase a person's desire to participate in therapy and therefore increase their chances of reaching their therapy goals, unlike those left underachieved with regular methods.

Physical rehabilitation

The University of Essex conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of including the Wii in an established falls prevention training program to improve balance, mobility, and educate recovery from the instance of a fall. After a 7-week falls prevention training, the results indicated that Wii can positively support a standard rehabilitation, although the use of the game alone would not be encouraged. On the other hand, participants found the experience of Wii game as enjoyable, which can support patients engagement to training. A follow up longitudinal study would be needed to conclude if the incidence of falls can be reduced along time.[11] Extending this study, another research conducted by the same University of Essex found that training with Wii can imply on mood and self-esteem. This behavior was observed in women who participated in this last mentioned research for fall prevention. As said by investigators, it would not be appropriate to generalize, however one participant who had the biggest improvement on the functional measures had the largest positive changes in well-being, which may indicate that the use of the Wii as an adjunct to standard falls prevention training can improve not only functional but also psychological outcomes.[12]

Neurological rehabilitation

Several games have been created to support stroke rehabilitation and to alleviate boredom and frustration patients can face with frequent visits to the therapeutic centers. The gaming therapy can be prescribed by physicians, physical or speech therapists to support the recovery of the damaged muscles and the brain to re-learn to control the damaged movements. As an example, 'Circus Challenge', created by Newcastle University scientists, is a Wii based game developed specifically to support hands and arms' muscles recovery.[13] The difficulty of the game is increased as the patient recovers, and their progress can be tracked by therapists.

Also to support the recovery of upper extremity muscles, ARMStrokes was recently introduced as a mobile app to help stroke survivors to complete their rehabilitation exercises. The game is a real-time application that provides a communication platform to facilitate interaction of patients with their therapists or physicians. Research to evaluate if this technology can positively impact the stroke recovery process is currently underway.[14]

Cerebral palsy has also been target of using games to support both children and adults affected by this disorder. Research has indicated that children with cerebral palsy can benefit from Wii games such as jogging, bicycling, snowboarding, and skiing to increase their physical activity levels. This physical activity can be challenging and limited to these children due to accessibility problems that financial and societal barriers impose, such as a lack of equipment or availability of exercise instructors, and even transportation issues.[15]

Mobile phone applications

Fruit Ninja, as used in rehabilitation, is played as a desktop version and focuses on hand/finger control while players slice the fruit on the screen.

Expanding outside of virtual reality and gaming systems, a newer segment of video game rehabilitation focuses on games that can be played on mobile phones or tablet computers - mobile apps. While these are not necessarily the standard video gaming console, these are being seen more frequently as alternatives with the introduction of more and more smart phones in the market. As such, researchers have recently begun to experiment with how mobile phone applications can also contribute to rehabilitation measures. While still relatively new, this concept has shown to be effective in wrist and hand rehabilitation on multiple different occasions. Wrist rehabilitation through a droid-based game, for example, revealed that patients can have more flexibility in their therapy sessions by keeping track of their progress on their phone and taking exercises home with them.[16] It wad also found that they could create a more customized therapy session through use of a patient's mobile device. Increasing finger use after a stroke is another area this methodology has proven effective for. In this case, the common mobile app, Fruit Ninja, was used to track patient use of their fingers and control of their hand when making fine movements such as cutting a fruit in the game.[17] Positive results suggested that a patient's interaction with the game could determine and complement other therapy methods being used.

Results

File:Wii Balance Board.JPG
The Wii Balance Board, which is bundled with Wii Fit, measures both a person's weight and center of balance.

Timed Up and Go test (TUG) scores have been seen to improve after having engaged in gaming rehabilitation. Several studies have produced output that suggests that Wii games are able to effectively increase patients' scores after a certain period of rehabilitation through them.[18][19] Stroke recovery patients and patients with an Acquired brain injury are two such examples of this output. Both patient classes have been shown to display slightly better improvements when using the Wii game or Wii balance board than when engaging in regular therapeutic methodologies. Continuing past these classes, studies are continually proving that these scores can be increased in a variety of patients with a variety of physical disabilities and from a variety of backgrounds.

Balance and energy expenditure are other great improvements seen amongst patients of gaming rehabilitation methods. Methods such as using the Wii Fit board and Wii Sports games have proven effective at increasing these numbers amongst a variety of patients. Elderly and cerebral palsy patients have been the focus of these outputs, as both have the ability to improve these categories of their lives. Specifically, elderly have been shown to display poor balance and mobility due to aging conditions, resulting in a need for rehabilitation intervention[20][21] and cerebral palsy patients display a combination of poor posture and poor balance which result in a need for therapy, as well.[22][23] Both, after a period of engaging in a variety of Wii-based games, have shown improvement comparable to, or better than, what they display during regular methodologies, gaining support for these systems.

Finally, motor-skill rehabilitation has been proposed as another possible way in which games can be used for rehabilitation purposes. Stroke patients suffering upper extremity motor difficulties have been the primary focus of this subject and, in this case, a variety of gaming environments have been experimented with. Output has shown that their Fugl-Meyer UE scores and their Functional Independence Measure scale score increase after a period of engaging in virtual rehabilitation, suggesting that their mobility dysfunction decreased and their degree of independence increased due to the intervention.[24] Additionally, output has suggested improved motor skills on a higher level, having several researchers suggesting positive improvements in their stroke patients as a result of virtual rehabilitation methods.[25] At this higher level, researchers have suggested improved ability to walk, or ambulation, and improved use of larger motor skills after intervention. One other class of patients that has been studied less frequently in this category of rehabilitation is cerebral palsy patients. Ability to walk certain distances without the use of an assistive device was the method of measurement for this category. After a period of working with a Wii-based system, it was shown that a patient who struggled with walking large distances before, was able to walk a noticeably longer distance.[22] This suggests an improvement in larger motor skills, whereas the stroke patients demonstrated an improvement in finer motor skills, focused strictly on their use of upper extremities during the gaming rehabilitation.

Negative results

If by one hand rehabilitation through gaming may be beneficial since it can improve motivation to the rehabilitation and reduce distraction from the routine of a tedious medical treatment, injuries arisen from excessive gameplay have been occasionally reported, such as tendonitis, dislocation of patella or hand laceration. Although these injuries might be occasional or rare, a large scale study would be needed to investigate the occurrence of these damages facing the millions of users of games worldwide.[26]

It's also been suggested that the use of gaming systems for home-based rehabilitation may promote a lack of communication between the therapist and the patient.[27][28] In these cases, it is difficult to track the progress of the patient appropriately, and the effects of the therapy are unknown. It's also possible in these scenarios that a lack of tracking also increases time spent on task, since the therapist does not properly see what level the patient is performing at.

Additionally, common effects of virtual reality environments, such as dizziness, nausea, and disorientation, have also been found to result in the case of rehabilitation through these methodologies. As these scenarios work the same as other virtual reality scenarios, they are not exempt from the negative results that can be seen across the board from these sorts of systems, and patients have shown this to be evident. Virtual reality systems have also proven difficult to maintain and sanitize after use, which has caused some to stray away from their use and stick to regular methodologies instead.[29]

Finally, gaming technology is believed to promote physical activity on clinical populations with multiple sclerosis, although there is no consensus about training duration, intensity or outcomes used to assess the clinical effectiveness, which suggests that randomized controlled trial should be carried out comparing gaming technology to traditional exercise for this population.[30] Similarly, the same can be said with results in the field of video game rehabilitation with elderly patients. While there are consensus's being built, there are still some results that seem insignificant in their findings and remain inconclusive either way.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vander Linden, D. W., Cauraugh, J. H., & Greene, T. A. (1993). The effect of frequency of kinetic feedback on learning an isometric force production task in nondisabled subjects. Physical Therapy, 73(2), 79–87.
  2. ↑ Bizzi, E., Shadmehr, R., & Todorov, E. (1997). Augmented feedback presented in a virtual environment accelerates learning of a difficult motor task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 29(2), 147–158. doi:10.1080/00222899709600829
  3. ↑ Strickland, D., Hodges, L., North, M., & Weghorst, S. (1997). Overcoming phobias by virtual exposure. New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/257874.257881
  4. ↑ Carlos Luque-Moreno, Alejandro Ferragut-Garcías, Cleofás Rodríguez-Blanco, et al., “A Decade of Progress Using Virtual Reality for Poststroke Lower Extremity Rehabilitation: Systematic Review of the Intervention Methods,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2015, Article ID 342529, 7 pages, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/342529
  5. ↑ Dores, A. R., Barbosa, F., Marques, A., Carvalho, I. P., De Sousa, L., & Castro-Caldas, A. (2013). Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation: Why or Why Not? A Systematic Literature Review. Acta Médica Portuguesa, 25(6), 414–421.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Griffin, Murray, PhD, Teshk Shawis, MBCHb FRCP, Rebecca Impson, MSc, Joseph Shanks, BSc, and Matthew J.D. Taylor, PhD. "Comparing the Energy Expenditure of Wii Fit-Based Therapy Versus Traditional Physiotherapy." Games for Health Journal: Research, Development, and Clinical Applications 2 (2013): n. pag. 4 Nov. 2013. Web.
  7. ↑ Langan, J., DeLave, K., Phillips, L., Pangilinan, P., & Brown, S. H. (2013). Home-Based Telerehabilitation Shows Improved Upper Limb Function in Adults with Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(2), 217–220. http://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1115
  8. ↑ Lund, H. H., & Jessen, J. D. (2014). Effects of Short-Term Training of Community-Dwelling Elderly with Modular Interactive Tiles. Games For Health Journal, 3(5), 277–283. http://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2014.0028
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rizzo, Albert "Skip", and Gerard Jounghyun Kim. "A SWOT Analysis of the Field of Virtual Reality Rehabilitation and Therapy." MIT Press Journals 14.2 (2005): 119–46. MIT Press Journals. 13 Mar. 2005. Web.
  10. ↑ Lucca, Lucia Francesca, MD. "Virtual Reality and Motor Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb after Stroke: A Generation of Progress?" J Rehabil Med Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 41.12 (2009): 1003-006. Web.
  11. ↑ Griffin, M., Shawis, T., Impson, R., McCormick, D., & Taylor, M. D. (2012). Using the Nintendo Wii as an Intervention in a Falls Prevention Group. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(2), 385–387. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03803.x
  12. ↑ Taylor, M. D., Shawis, T., Impson, R., Ewins, K., McCormick, D., & Griffin, M. (2012). Nintendo Wii As a Training Tool in Falls Prevention Rehabilitation: Case Studies. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(9), 1781–1783. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04122.x
  13. ↑ Video Game Helps Stroke Patients Regain Motor Skills, The Stroke Foundation
  14. ↑ Jin Guo, Ted Smith, David Messing, Ziying Tang, Sonia Lawson, and Jinjuan Heidi Feng. 2015. ARMStrokes: A Mobile App for Everyday Stroke Rehabilitation. In Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility (ASSETS '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 429–430. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2700648.2811337
  15. ↑ Robert, M., Ballaz, L., Hart, R., & Lemay, M. (2013). Exercise Intensity Levels in Children With Cerebral Palsy While Playing With an Active Video Game Console. Physical Therapy, 93(8), 1084–1091. http://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120204
  16. ↑ Deponti, D., Maggiorini, D., & Palazzi, C. E. (2009). DroidGlove: An android-based application for wrist rehabilitation. Paper presented at the 1–7. doi:10.1109/ICUMT.2009.5345442
  17. ↑ Khademi, M., Mousavi Hondori, H., McKenzie, A., Dodakian, L., Lopes, C., & Cramer, S. (2014). Free-hand interaction with leap motion controller for stroke rehabilitation. Paper presented at the 1663–1668. doi:10.1145/2559206.2581203
  18. ↑ Deutsch, J. E., Robbins, D., Morrison, J., & Bowlby, P. G. (2009, June). Wii-based compared to standard of care balance and mobility rehabilitation for two individuals post-stroke. In Virtual Rehabilitation International Conference, 2009 (pp. 117-120). IEEE. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR.2009.5174216
  19. ↑ Gil-Gómez, J.-A., Lloréns, R., Alcañiz, M., & Colomer, C. (2011). Effectiveness of a Wii balance board-based system (eBaViR) for balance rehabilitation: a pilot randomized clinical trial in patients with acquired brain injury. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 8, 30. http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-8-30
  20. ↑ Williams, Marie A., Roy L. Soiza, Alison Jenkinson, and Alison Stewart. "EXercising with Computers in Later Life (EXCELL) - Pilot and Feasibility Study of the Acceptability of the Nintendo® WiiFit in Community-dwelling Fallers." BMC Research Notes BMC Res Notes 3.1 (2010): 238. BMC Research Notes. Web.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Molina, K. I., Ricci, N. A., de Moraes, S. A., & Perracini, M. R. (2014). Virtual reality using games for improving physical functioning in older adults: A systematic review. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 11(1), 156. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-156
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Deutsch, J. E., M. Borbely, J. Filler, K. Huhn, and P. Guarrera-Bowlby. "Use of a Low-Cost, Commercially Available Gaming Console (Wii) for Rehabilitation of an Adolescent With Cerebral Palsy." Physical Therapy 88.10 (2008): 1196-207. Web.
  23. ↑ Hurkmans HL, Van den Berg-Emons RJ, Stam HJ. Energy expenditure in adults with cerebral palsy playing Wii Sports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(10):1577–81. [PMID 20875517]
  24. ↑ Piron, Lamberto, Paolo Tonin, Francesco Piccione, Vincenzo Iaia, Elena Trivello, and Mauro Dam. "Virtual Environment Training Therapy for Arm Motor Rehabilitation." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14.6 (2005): 732–40. MIT Press Journals. Web
  25. ↑ Moreira, M. C., de Amorim Lima, Anne Michelle, Ferraz, K. M., & Benedetti Rodrigues, M. A. (2013). Use of virtual reality in gait recovery among post stroke patients--a systematic literature review. Disability and Rehabilitation. Assistive Technology, 8(5), 357.
  26. ↑ Taylor, M. J., McCormick, D., Impson, R., Shawis, T., & Griffin, M. (2011). Activity Promoting Gaming Systems in Exercise and Rehabilitation. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 48(10), 1171-1186.
  27. ↑ Talaei-Khoei, A., Ray, P., & Parameshwaran, N. (2011). Policy-based awareness: Implications in rehabilitation video games. Paper presented at the 1-10. doi:10.1109/HICSS.2011.345
  28. ↑ Mainetti, R., Sedda, A., Ronchetti, M., Bottini, G., & Borghese, N. A. (2013). Duckneglect: Video-games based neglect rehabilitation. Technology and Health Care : Official Journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine, 21(2), 97.
  29. ↑ Burdea, Grigore. "Keynote address: Virtual rehabilitation-benefits and challenges." 1st International Workshop on Virtual Reality Rehabilitation (Mental Health, Neurological, Physical, Vocational) VRMHR. sn, 2002.
  30. ↑ Taylor, M. J. D., & Griffin, M. (2015;2014;). The use of gaming technology for rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 21(4), 355. doi:10.1177/1352458514563593
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