Golden parakeet

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Golden conure
Guaruba guarouba -Gramado Zoo, Brazil-8a.jpg
At Gramado Zoo, Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Superfamily:
Psittacoidea
Family:
Psittacidae
Subfamily:
Arinae
Tribe:
Arini
Genus:
Guaruba

Lesson, 1830
Species:
G. guarouba
Binomial name
Guaruba guarouba
Gmelin, 1788
Synonyms

Psittacus guarouba
Aratinga guarouba

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The golden parakeet or golden conure,[2] (Guaruba guarouba), is a medium-sized golden-yellow Neotropical parrot native to the Amazon Basin of interior northern Brazil.

Its plumage is mostly bright yellow, hence its common name, but it also possesses green remiges.[3] It lives in the drier, upland rainforests in Amazonian Brazil, and is threatened by deforestation and flooding, and also by the now-illegal trapping of wild individuals for the pet trade.[4] It is listed on CITES appendix I.[5]

German naturalist Georg Marcgraf first described the bird, called guaruba in his expedition to Dutch Brazil in 1638.[6] Its Portuguese and indigenous name, ararajuba, means small yellow macaw. In aviculture, it is sometimes known as the Queen of Bavaria conure,[7]

Taxonomy

Formerly classified as Aratinga guarouba [Notes 1], it is now a species in the monotypic genus Guaruba,[8][9][10] one of numerous genera of New World long-tailed parrots in tribe Arini, which also includes the Central and South American macaws. Tribe Arini together with the Amazonian parrots and a few miscellaneous genera make up subfamily Arinae of Neotropical parrots in family Psittacidae of true parrots.[11]

The specific name guarouba (alternately guaruba) is derived from Old Tupi: guará, "small bird"; and Old Tupi: yuba, "yellow"; hence "small yellow bird".[12] The different spellings of the genus and species names result from the different spellings used by Lesson and Gmelin when they postulated the taxons. The taxonomic convention is to retain the names as spelled by the original authorities.[13]

Molecular studies show that Guaruba and Diopsittaca (red-shouldered macaw) are sister genera.[14][15][16][17] It is also closely related to Leptosittaca branicki, (golden-plumed parakeet).

Description

The golden parakeet is 34 cm (13 in) long [18] and mainly yellow with green in the outer wings and with an all-yellow tail. It has a large horn-colored (gray) beak, pale-pink bare eye rings, brown irises, and pink legs. Males and females have identical external appearance. Juveniles are duller and have less yellow and more green plumage than the adults. The juvenile's head and neck are mostly green, the back is green and yellow, the upper side of tail is mostly green, the breast is greenish, the eye rings are pale-gray, and the legs are brown.[19]

Distribution and habitat

Its range is estimated to be limited to about 174,000 km2.[18] between the Tocantins, lower Xingu, and Tapajós Rivers in the Amazon Basin south of the Amazon River in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. Additional records occur from adjacent northern Maranhão. The birds in a 1986 study used two different habitats during the year; during the nonbreeding season, which coincided with the dry season, they occupied the tall forest. During the breeding season, they left the tall forest and entered open areas on the edge of the forest such as fields used in agriculture.[20]

Behavior

Golden parakeets are a social species, living, feeding, sleeping, and even breeding together.[20] They eat fruits, flowers, buds, seeds, and cultured maize[clarification needed] in the wild. These include the seed of Croton matouensis, which is related to the castor oil plant; muruci fruit (Byrsonima crispa); mangoes; and açaí fruits.[21]

Reproduction

The golden parakeet's breeding system is almost unique amongst parrots, as pairs are aided by a number of helpers which aid in the raising of the young.[20] This behavior is less common with parakeets in captivity, which often abandon their young after three weeks.[4]

After the golden parakeet reaches sexual maturity at the age of three years, the breeding season starts in November and runs through February. They nest in a high tree, in deeper than average nesting cavities, and lay an average of four 37.1 by 29.9 mm (1.46 by 1.18 in) eggs, which they aggressively guard. The incubation period is about 30 days, in which the male and female take turns incubating. In the first few years of sexual maturity, golden parakeets tend to lay infertile clutches until the age of six to eight. In captivity, golden parakeets resume breeding when their chicks are taken from them.[4][22]

At birth, golden parakeets are covered in white down that eventually turns darker within a week. By the end of the third week, wing feathers start to develop. Juveniles are playful, but may turn abusive against their peers.[4] Nestlings are preyed upon by toucans, which may explain their social behavior. Nests are vigorously defended from toucans by several members of the group.[20]

Conservation and threats

The golden parakeet is listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable.[1] This is largely due to deforestation and the capture of wild birds for aviculture, where it is in high demand due to the attractiveness of its plumage. Locally, they are considered as pests for feeding on crops, and are hunted for food or sport.[4] The current population is estimated to be in the range of 10,000 to 20,000.[18][23]

An example of the displacement of golden parakeets by habitat loss comes from the building of the Turucuí Dam, Pará, from 1975-1984. More than 35,000 forest dwellers were forced from what had been a habitat that was considered to be "among the richest and most diversified in the world." In addition, 2,875 km2 (1,110 sq mi) of rainforest were flooded, and 1,600 islands were produced by the flooding, all of which were heavily deforested.[24]

Gallery

  • Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Feeding 2134px.jpg

    Feeding in captivity at the National Aviary

  • Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Eating 2550px.jpg

    Closeup of the head

  • Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Tail 2640px.jpg

    Closeup of the tail

  • Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Tail Closeup 2800px.jpg

    Another tail closeup

  • Guaruba guarouba -Discovery Cove-6.jpg

    At Discovery Cove

  • Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba 1750px.jpg

    At the National Aviary

  • Guaruba guarouba 001 1280.jpg
  • Guaruba guarouba -Vogelpark Walsrode-6a.jpg

    At Walsrode Bird Park

  • Guaruba guarouba anagoria.jpg

    Guaruba guarouba, Bird Park of Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ SACC 2005: 6. Guarouba was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) included in Aratinga, but see Sick (1990), and also Tavares et al. (2004, 2006), Wright et al. (2008), and Kirchman et al. (2012), whose genetic data indicated that the sister genus to Guarouba is Diopsittaca, thus forcing a return to earlier classifications (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) that treated it in a monotypic genus.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Zipcode Zoo URL accessed January 24, 2007.
  3. ↑ Golden Palms - Golden Conure URL accessed January 26, 2007.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Honolulu Zoo URL accessed January 24, 2007.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Aratinga guarouba URL accessed January 26, 2007.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List12.html#psittaciformes
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Natural Diet URL accessed January 24, 2007.
  22. ↑ Golden Conure - Breeding URL accessed January 26, 2007.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Deforestation URL accessed January 26, 2007.

External links

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