Gopala Tapani Upanishad
Gopāla-tāpanī Upanishad is an Upanishad, associated with the Atharvaveda. It figures in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads (as number 95).
As with most of the late Upanishads,[dubious ] the Gopāla-tāpanī is said to be attached to the Atharvaveda, as are all four Tāpinī Upanishads (Nṛsiṁha, Rāma, Tripurā and Gopāla). Although the Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī appears to be one of the earliest of the Vaishnava Upanishads, neither it nor any of the others has achieved the kind of special status amongst later Vaiṣṇava schools that the Gopāla-tāpanī has.
Contents
Date
The text most likely dates to the 13th or 14th century.[1]
The first of the Tāpanīya Upanishads is believed to be the Nṛsiṁha, which served as the model for the others which took this name. The Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī has a commentary attributed to either Gauḍapada or Śaṅkara. Other than these, the earliest reference to this work is the 14th-century Madhva scholar Vidyāraṇya's Anubhūti-prakāśa, in which there is a chapter on the Nṛsiṁha Uttara-tāpanī Upanishad. It is thus concluded that Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī Upanishad must at least be older than the 14th century. Since there are no earlier references to the work, however, it is not likely that it is much older.
The meaning of the series name
The Sanskrit word tāpanīya in the context of these Upanishads is not clear. The word is found in four different forms: tapanīya, tāpanīya, tāpinī, tāpanī. Tāpanī is the most common form used in titles and references, but this appears to be an abbreviated form of the more correct tāpanīya, which appears in the texts themselves. According to Monier-Williams verdict we should assume tāpanīya ("gold") to be the name of a school of the Vājaseyani Saṁhitā that produced the four Upanishads bearing this name. This assumes that they come from a common source something disputed by others, who believe that the three other works were written on the model of the Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī as a result of the success enjoyed by that work in bringing legitimation a particular ancient tradition containing Nṛsiṁha mantra.[2] Deussen reads tapanīya,[2] which means "that which must be heated" or "gold". It also has the meaning of "self-mortification".
The process of self-purification is often compared to smelting gold, which is heated repeatedly in fire to remove any impurities. Deussen thus explains the term is as follows: "Tapanam (austerity) is burning pain-suffering or ascetic self-sacrifice; Nṛsiṁha-tapanam thus means ascetic self-surrender to Nṛsiṁha. Therefore Nṛsiṁha-tapanīya Upanishad is "the doctrine concerning the ascetic surrender to Nṛsiṁha."[2]
Early commentaries
- Prabodhānanda Sarasvati [3]
- Jīva Goswami commentary
- Viśvanātha Cakravarti commentary
Early books quoted in
Verses as reference: used in Krishna Sandarbha by Jiva Goswami
Verses as reference: used in Hari Bhakti Vilasa by Gopala Bhatta Goswami
Recent editions and commentaries
- Kṛṣṇadāsa Kusuma Sarovarawala’s edition (Kusuma Sarovarawala is only used for commenting on the text of the Upanishaad itself)[4]
- Bhakti Srirupa Siddhāntī Mahārāja edition and comments
- B.V. Tripurari edition and comments
- Kuśakratha dāsa’s English translation
Concordance of different editions and commentaries
- Pūrva
Tripurari |
Vishvanatha Cakravarti |
Prabodhānanda Sarasvati |
Jiva Goswami commentary |
Kuśakratha dāsa's English translation |
Kṛṣṇa Sandarbhua by Jiva |
Hari Bhakti Vilasa by GBG |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
82 |
1.160 |
3 |
3-6 |
3 |
3-6 |
3 |
82 |
1.160 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
1.160 |
|
5 |
8-9 |
5 |
8-9 |
5 |
1.160 |
|
6 |
10 |
6 |
10 |
6 |
1.160 |
|
7 |
11 |
7 |
11 |
7 |
1.160 |
|
8 |
12 |
8 |
12 |
8 |
187 |
1.160 |
9 |
12 |
9 |
13 |
9 |
||
10 |
12 |
10 |
14 |
9 |
||
11 |
12 |
11 |
15 |
10 |
153 |
|
12 |
13 |
12-14 |
16 |
11-12 |
153 |
|
13 |
14 |
15 |
17 |
13 |
153 |
|
14 |
15 |
16 |
18 |
14 |
1.161 |
|
15 |
16-17 |
17 |
19 |
15 |
1.161 |
|
16 |
18 |
18 |
20 |
16 |
1.162 |
|
17 |
19 |
19 |
21 |
17 |
||
18 |
20 |
20-22 |
22 |
18-19 |
||
19 |
21 |
23 |
23 |
20 |
1.163 |
|
20 |
22 |
24 |
24 |
21 |
1.164 |
|
21 |
23 |
25 |
25 |
22 |
1.165 |
|
22 |
24 |
26 |
26 |
23 |
64 |
1.166 |
23 |
25 |
27 |
27 |
24 |
1.167 |
|
24 |
26 |
28 |
28 |
25 |
106 |
1.168 |
25 |
26-27 |
29-32 |
29 |
26-28 |
64 |
1.169 |
26 |
28 |
33-36 |
30 |
29-30 |
83 |
1.169 |
27 |
29 |
37-38 |
31 |
31 |
1.172 |
|
28 |
30 |
39-40 |
32 |
32-33 |
1.172 |
|
29 |
31 |
41-42 |
33 |
34 |
93 |
|
30 |
32 |
43 |
34 |
35 |
1.173 |
|
31 |
33 |
44 |
35 |
36 |
1.174 |
|
32 |
34 |
45 |
36 |
37 |
1.175 |
|
33 |
35 |
46 |
37 |
38 |
1.176 |
|
34 |
36 |
47 |
38 |
39 |
||
35 |
37 |
48 |
39 |
40 |
||
36 |
38 |
49 |
40 |
41 |
||
37 |
39 |
50 |
41 |
42 |
99,106,153 |
|
38 |
40 |
51 |
42 |
43 |
||
39 |
41 |
52 |
43 |
44 |
||
40 |
42 |
53 |
44 |
45 |
||
41 |
43 |
54 |
45 |
46 |
||
42 |
44 |
55 |
46 |
47 |
||
43 |
45 |
56 |
47 |
48 |
||
44 |
46 |
57 |
48 |
49 |
||
45 |
47 |
58 |
49 |
50 |
||
46 |
48 |
59 |
50 |
51 |
||
47 |
49 |
60 |
51 |
52-53 |
1.177 |
|
48 |
50 |
61 |
52 |
54 |
82 |
1.178 |
'Uttara
Tripurari |
Vishvanatha Cakravarti |
Prabodhānanda Sarasvati |
Jiva Goswami |
Kuśakratha dāsa's English translation |
Kṛṣṇa Sandarbhua by Jiva Goswami |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2-3 |
|
3 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
|
4 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
5 |
|
5 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
|
6 |
4 |
6 |
4 |
7 |
|
7 |
5 |
7 |
5 |
8 |
|
8 |
6-7 |
8-9 |
6-7 |
9 |
|
9 |
7 |
10 |
7 |
10 |
|
10 |
8 |
11-12 |
8 |
11 |
|
11 |
9 |
13 |
9 |
12 |
|
12 |
10 |
14 |
10 |
13 |
|
13 |
11 |
15 |
11 |
14 |
177 |
14 |
12-13 |
16 |
12 |
15 |
|
15 |
13 |
17 |
13 |
16-19 |
|
16 |
14-15 |
18 |
14-15 |
20 |
|
17 |
16 |
19 |
16 |
21 |
|
18 |
17 |
20 |
17 |
22 |
|
19 |
18-20 |
21-24 |
18-20 |
23 |
|
20 |
21 |
25 |
21 |
24 |
|
21 |
22 |
26 |
22 |
25-26 |
|
22 |
23 |
27 |
23 |
27 |
|
23 |
24 |
28-31 |
24 |
28 |
99 |
24 |
25-27 |
32-35 |
25-27 |
29-32 |
|
25 |
28 |
36 |
28 |
33-34 |
|
26 |
29 |
37-38 |
29 |
35-36 |
106 |
27 |
30 |
39-40 |
30 |
37-38 |
106, 177 |
28 |
31 |
41 |
31 |
39-40 |
106 |
29 |
32 |
42-43 |
32 |
40 |
|
30 |
33 |
44 |
33 |
41 |
172 |
31 |
34 |
45 |
34 |
42 |
106 |
32 |
35-36 |
46-47 |
35-36 |
43-45 |
106 |
33 |
37 |
48 |
37 |
46 |
|
34 |
38 |
49 |
38 |
47 |
|
35 |
39 |
50 |
39 |
48a |
106 |
36 |
40 |
50 |
40 |
48b |
106 |
37 |
41 |
51 |
41 |
49a |
|
38 |
42 |
52 |
42 |
49b |
|
39 |
43 |
53 |
43 |
50 |
|
40 |
44 |
53-58 |
44 |
51-53 |
87,153 |
41 |
45 |
59 |
45 |
54 |
|
42 |
46 |
60 |
46 |
55 |
|
43 |
47 |
61 |
47 |
56 |
|
44 |
48 |
62-63 |
48 |
57-58 |
|
45 |
49 |
64 |
49 |
59 |
|
46 |
50 |
65 |
50 |
60 |
|
47 |
51 |
66 |
51 |
61 |
|
48 |
52 |
67-68 |
52 |
62 |
|
49 |
53 |
69 |
53 |
63 |
|
50 |
54a |
70 |
54 |
64 |
|
51 |
54b |
71-73 |
55 |
65 |
|
52 |
54c |
73 |
56 |
66 |
|
53 |
54d |
74 |
57 |
67 |
|
54 |
55 |
75 |
58 |
68 |
|
55 |
56 |
76 |
59 |
69 |
|
56 |
57 |
77 |
60 |
70 |
|
57 |
58 |
78-79 |
60-61 |
71-72 |
|
58 |
59 |
79 |
61 |
73-74 |
106 |
59 |
60 |
80a |
62 |
75 |
106 |
60 |
61 |
80b |
63 |
76 |
106 |
61 |
62 |
80c |
64 |
77 |
|
62 |
63 |
80d |
65 |
78 |
|
63 |
64 |
81 |
66 |
79 |
|
64 |
65 |
82 |
67 |
80 |
|
65 |
66 |
83 |
68 |
81 |
|
66 |
67 |
84 |
69 |
82 |
82 |
67 |
68 |
85 |
70 |
83 |
|
68 |
69 |
86 |
71 |
84 |
|
69 |
70 |
87 |
72 |
85 |
|
70 |
71 |
88 |
73 |
86-87 |
|
71 |
72 |
89 |
74 |
88-89 |
|
72 |
73 |
90 |
75 |
90 |
|
73 |
74 |
91 |
76 |
91 |
|
74 |
75 |
92 |
77 |
92 |
|
75 |
76 |
93-94 |
78 |
92-93 |
|
76 |
77 |
95-96 |
79 |
94 |
|
77 |
78 |
97-98 |
80 |
95 |
|
78 |
79 |
98-99 |
81 |
96-97 |
|
79 |
80 |
100 |
82 |
98 |
|
80 |
81 |
101 |
83 |
99 |
|
81 |
82 |
102 |
84 |
100 |
|
82 |
83 |
103 |
85 |
101 |
|
83 |
84 |
104 |
86 |
102 |
|
84 |
85 |
105 |
87 |
103 |
|
85 |
86 |
106 |
88 |
104 |
|
86 |
87 |
107 |
89 |
105 |
|
87 |
88 |
108 |
90 |
106 |
|
88 |
89 |
109 |
91 |
107 |
|
89 |
90 |
110 |
92 |
108 |
|
90 |
91 |
111 |
93 |
109 |
|
91 |
92 |
112 |
94 |
110 |
|
92 |
93 |
113 |
95 |
111 |
|
93 |
94 |
114 |
96 |
112 |
|
94 |
95 |
115 |
97 |
113 |
|
95 |
96 |
116 |
98 |
114 |
|
96 |
97 |
117 |
99 |
115 |
|
97 |
98 |
118 |
100 |
116 |
|
98 |
99 |
119 |
101 |
117 |
|
99 |
100 |
120 |
102 |
118 |
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.p. 266.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.Vol II, pp. 809-888. He has translated the Rāma Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī and the Nṛsiṁha Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī Upanishads.
- ↑ Tripurari, Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī: From Benares to Braj" in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Vol LV, Part 1, 1992, pages 52-75
- ↑ Kṛṣṇadāsa Bābājī, Kusumasarovara, Radha Kund: Gaurahari Press, 1955
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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Further reading
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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External links
- Gopala-tapani Upanisad (full text)