Grape seed oil

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Grape Seed Oil
GrapeSeedOil.png
Grape seed oil in clear glass vial
Fat composition
Saturated fats
Total saturated Palmitic: 7%
Stearic: 4%
Unsaturated fats
Total unsaturated 86%
Monounsaturated 16.1%
Palmitoleic acid <1%
Oleic acid 15.8%
Polyunsaturated 69.9%
Omega-3 fatty acids α-Linolenic: 0.1%
Omega-6 fatty acids Linoleic: 69.6%
Properties
Food energy per 100 g (3.5 oz) 3,700 kJ (880 kcal)
Smoke point 216 °C (421 °F)
Iodine value 124-143
Saponification value 126 (NaOH)
180-196 (KOH)
Unsaponifiable 0.3% - 1.6%
Peroxide value 2.92 mequiv/kg

Grape seed oil (also called grapeseed oil or grape oil) is pressed from the seeds of grapes, and is thus an abundant by-product of winemaking.

Uses

Cooking

Grape seed oil has a moderately high smoke point of approximately 216 °C (421 °F). Due to its clean, light taste, and high polyunsaturated fat content, it may be used as an ingredient in salad dressings and mayonnaise and as a base for oil infusions of garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is widely used in baked goods, pancakes, and waffles. It is sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.[1]

The metabolic energy density of grape seed oil is typical of vegetable oils: approximately 3,700 kJ (880 kcal) per 100 g, or 500 kJ (120 kcal) per 15 ml tablespoon.

Cosmetics

Grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for controlling moisture of the skin. Light and thin, grape seed oil leaves a glossy film over skin when used as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy. It contains more linoleic acid than many other carrier oils.

Grape seed oil is also used as a lubricant for shaving and as a growth and strengthening treatment for hair.

Potential medicinal benefits

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Grape seed oil may provide some health benefits. A 1993 study supports the claim that grape seed oil increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C or "good cholesterol") levels and reduces LDL levels.[2]

Although grape seeds contain antioxidants and other biologically active compounds,[3] the cold-pressed grape seed oil contains negligible amounts due to their insolubility in lipids.[4] For instance, sufficiently high amounts of resveratrol occur in grape seed for it to be extracted commercially,[5] yet it is almost entirely absent in the grape seed oil.

Potential medicinal complications

Grapeseed oil has occasionally been found to contain dangerous levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons because of direct contact with combustion gases during the drying process.[6]

Composition

Grape seeds (numbers 7 and 8) and grapes

The following table lists a typical fatty acid composition of grape seed oil:[7]

Acid Type Percentage
Linoleic acid ω−6 unsaturated 69.6%
Oleic acid ω−9 unsaturated 15.8%
Palmitic acid
(Hexadecanoic acid)
Saturated 7%
Stearic acid
(Octadecanoic acid)
Saturated 4%
Alpha-linolenic acid ω−3 unsaturated 0.1%
Palmitoleic acid
(9-Hexadecenoic acid)
ω−7 unsaturated less than 1%

Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol).[8] Grapeseed oil contains small amounts of vitamin E, but safflower oil, cottonseed oil, or rice bran oil contain greater amounts.[9] Grapeseed oil is high in polyunsaturates and low in saturated fat.

See also

References

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