Greek Orthodox Church

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This article is about all Orthodox jurisdictions of Greek cultural heritage. For the Orthodox Church in Greece, see Church of Greece.
Greek Orthodox Church
Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.svg
Flag used by the Orthodox Church in Greece,[1] and the standard of the self-governed monastic state of Mount Athos.[2][3][4]
Founder Various
Independence Various
Recognition Orthodox
Primate The Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, and the Archbishops of Athens, Cyprus, Archbishop of Albania and Mount Sinai
Headquarters Various, but Constantinople is held in special regard
Territory Eastern Mediterranean & diaspora
Language Koine Greek, Russian, and Arabic, with other local languages used in the diaspora
Members 23–24 million (about 50% of whom are in Greece)

The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía, IPA: [elinorˈθoðoksi ekliˈsia]) is a term referring to the body of several Churches[5][6][7] within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek,[8] the original language of the New Testament,[9][10] and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the culture of the Byzantine Empire. Greek Orthodox Christianity has also traditionally placed heavy emphasis and awarded high prestige to traditions of Christian monasticism and asceticism, with origins in Early Christianity in the Near East and in Byzantine Anatolia. Today, the most important centres of Christian Orthodox monasticism are Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) and Mount Athos in Greek Macedonia (Northern Greece).

Overview

The origins of the Greek Orthodox Church can be traced back to the churches which the Apostles founded in the Balkans and the Middle East during the first century A.D.,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][citation clutter] and it maintains many traditions practiced in the ancient Church.[17] Greek Orthodox Churches, unlike the Catholic Church, have no Bishopric head, such as a Pope, and hold the belief that Christ is the head of the Church. However, they are each governed by a committee of Bishops, called the Holy Synod, with one central Bishop holding the honorary title of "first among equals."

Greek Orthodox Churches are united in communion with each other, as well as with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches (such as the Russian Orthodox Church). The Eastern Orthodox hold a common doctrine and a common form of worship, and they see themselves not as separate Churches but as administrative units of one single Church. They are notable for their extensive tradition of iconography (see also: Byzantine art), for their veneration of the Mother of God and the Saints, and for their use of the Divine Liturgy on Sundays, which is a standardized worship service dating back to the fourth century A.D. in its current form. The most commonly used Divine Liturgy of the Orthodox Church was written by Saint John Chrysostom (347–407 A.D.).

The current territory of the Greek Orthodox Churches more or less covers the areas in the Balkans, Anatolia, and the Eastern Mediterranean that used to be a part of the Byzantine Empire. The majority of Greek Orthodox Christians live within Greece, all over Albania including the region of Northern Epirus in the south, and elsewhere in the southern Balkans, but also in Lebanon, Cyprus, Anatolia, European Turkey, and the South Caucasus.

There are also many Greek Orthodox Christians, with origins dating back to the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, who are of Arabic-speaking or mixed Greek and Arabic-speaking ancestry and live in southern Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt. They attend churches which conduct their services in Arabic, the common language of most Greek Orthodox believers in the Levant, while at the same time maintaining elements of the Byzantine Greek cultural tradition.

Ethnic Greeks in Russia and Greeks in Ukraine, as well as Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks from the former Russian Transcaucasus, often consider themselves both Greek Orthodox and Russian Orthodox, which is consistent with the Orthodox faith (since Orthodoxy is the same across ethnic boundaries). Thus, they may attend services held in Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic, without this in any way undermining their Orthodox faith or distinct Greek ethnic identity. Over the centuries, these Pontic Greek-speaking Greek Orthodox communities have mixed through intermarriage in varying degrees with ethnic Russians and other Orthodox Christians from mainly Southern Russia, where most of them settled between the Middle Ages and early 19th century.

Churches

A religious procession in Corfu

The churches where the Greek Orthodox term is applicable are:

History of the term

Historically, the term Greek Orthodox has also been used to describe all Eastern Orthodox Churches, since "Greek" in "Greek Orthodox" can refer to the Greek heritage of the Byzantine Empire.[35][36][37] During eight centuries of Christian history, most major intellectual, cultural, and social developments in the Christian church took place within the Empire or in the sphere of its influence,[37][38][39] thus most parts of the liturgy, traditions, and practices of the church of Constantinople were adopted by all, and still provide the basic patterns of contemporary Orthodoxy.[40][41][42] However, the appellation "Greek" was abandoned by Slavic and other national Eastern Orthodox churches in connection with their peoples' national awakenings, from as early as the 10th century A.D.[43][43][44][44][45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tore Tvarnø Lind (2012). The Past is Always Present: The Revival of the Byzantine Musical Tradition at Mount Athos. Scarecrow Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8108-8147-1. The yellow/black flag that can be seen on Mount Athos and elsewhere in Greece today is the modern flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  2. ↑ The Flag Bulletin. 27. Flag Research Center. 1988. p. 105. It is not surprising that all symbols of Mount Athos, especially the Byzantine double-eagle and the Holy Virgin, who is the patron of the Holy Mount, represent old Byzantine traditions. [...] The flag of Mount Athos (Fig. 1) is golden yellow bearing the black Byzantine double-headed eagle with an imperial crown. The eagle holds on its claws an orb of black with golden bands and a black...<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. ↑ Vitali Vitaliev (1 September 1995). Little is the light: nostalgic travels in the mini-states of Europe. Touchstone Books. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-671-71925-8. The state flag of Mount Athos - a black two-headed eagle...<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  4. ↑ William G. Crampton (1990). The Complete Guide to Flags. Gallery Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8317-1605-9. Greek Yellow with a 2-headed Orthodox black eagle (also for Mount Church Athos)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. ↑ Demetrios J. Constantelos, Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church, Holy Cross Orthodox Press 3rd edition (March 28, 2005)
  6. ↑ L. Rushton, Doves and magpies: village women in the Greek Orthodox Church Women's religious experience, Croom Helm, 1983
  7. ↑ Paul Yuzyk, The Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church of Canada, 1918–1951, University of Ottawa Press, 1981
  8. ↑ Demetrios J. Constantelos, The Greek Orthodox Church: faith, history, and practice, Seabury Press, 1967
  9. ↑ Daniel B. Wallace: Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, page 12,.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Zondervan, 1997.
  10. ↑ Robert H. Stein: The method and message of Jesus' teachings, page 4,.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Westminster John Knox Press, 1994.
  11. ↑ Janet Saltzman Chafetz; Helen Rose Ebaugh (18 October 2000). Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations. AltaMira Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-7591-1712-9. Retrieved 2 September 2013. The distinctive characteristics of the Greek Orthodox Church are its sense of continuity with the ancient Church of Christ and the Apostles and its changelessness. The Orthodox church traces its existence, through the ordinatinon of Bishops. directly back to the Apostles and through them to Jesus.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  12. ↑ Sally Bruyneel; Alan G. Padgett (2003). Introducing Christianity. Orbis Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-60833-134-5. Retrieved 2 September 2013. The Eastern Orthodox and thye Roman Catholic Churches are the oldest with roots going back to the earliest Christian groups.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. ↑ Benjamin Jerome Hubbard; John T. Hatfield; James A. Santucci (2007). An Educator's Classroom Guide to America's Religious Beliefs and Practices. Libraries Unlimited. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-59158-409-4. Retrieved 2 September 2013. The Orthodox Church traces its origins to the churches founded by the apostles in the Middle East and the Balkans in the first century.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. ↑ Robert L. Plummer (6 March 2012). Journeys of Faith: Evangelicalism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Anglicanism. Zondervan. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-310-41671-5. Retrieved 2 September 2013. Catholicism holds that if a Church claims to be Christian, then it must be able to show that its leaders-its bishops and its presbyters (or priests)- are successors of the apostles. That is why the Catholic Church accepts Eastern Orthodox ordinations and sacraments as valid, even though Eastern Orthodoxy is not in full communion with Rome.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  15. ↑ William A. Dyrness; Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen (25 September 2009). Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church. InterVarsity Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-8308-7811-6. Retrieved 2 September 2013. This connection is apparent through the historical succession of bishops of churches in a particular geographic locale and by fidelity to the teachings of the apostles (cf. Acts 2:42) and life as it developed in the patristic tradition and was articulated by the seven ecumenical councils.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  16. ↑ Heidi Campbell (22 March 2010). When Religion Meets New Media. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-203-69537-1. Retrieved 2 September 2013. There are three branches within Christianity: Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant. ... The Christian church draws its lineage and roots from the time of Jesus Christ and the apostles in CE 25–30 and the birth of the Church at Pentecost in ...<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Wendy Doniger (January 1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 2 September 2013. EASTERN ORTHODOXY, one of the major branches of CHRISTIANITY, characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial churches.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. ↑ "Ecumenical Patriarchate". Retrieved 2009-03-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  19. ↑ "Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain – Home". Retrieved 2009-03-11.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  20. ↑ "The Holy Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta". Retrieved 2009-03-11.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. ↑ The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America should not be confused with the Orthodox Church in America, whose autocephaly – granted by the Russian Orthodox Church – is not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and many other churches of the Eastern Orthodox Communion.
  22. ↑ "Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia". Retrieved 2010-01-14.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. ↑ "The official web site of Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa". Retrieved 2009-03-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  24. ↑ "Greek Orthodox Church Of Antioch And All The East". Retrieved 2009-03-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  25. ↑ "Jerusalem Patriarchate". Retrieved 2009-03-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  26. ↑ "Ecclesia – The Web Site of the Church of Greece". Retrieved 2009-03-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  27. ↑ "Church of Cyprus" (in Greek). Retrieved 2009-03-09.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  28. ↑ "About Cyprus – Towns and Population". Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest. Government of Cyprus. Retrieved 19 January 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  29. ↑ "Cyprus". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 19 January 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  30. ↑ "The Holy Monastery of the God-trodden Mount Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery". Retrieved 2009-03-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  31. ↑ Roudometof, Victor (2002). Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict. Greenwood Press. p. 179. the only remaining issues between the two sides concern the extent to which minority members should have equal rights with the rest of the Albanian citizens as well as issues of property and ecclesiastical autonomy for the Greek Orthodox Church of Albania.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  32. ↑ Thornberry, Patrick (1987). Minorities and human rights law (1. publ. ed.). London: Minority Rights Group. p. 36. ISBN 9780946690480.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. ↑ "Albanian church attack 'act of religious hatred'". WorldWide Religious News. Retrieved 12 June 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  34. ↑ "Archbishop Anastasios - Medical Diagnostical Centre - ZoomInfo.com". ZoomInfo.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  35. ↑ Byzantium in Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing Vol. 1, Kelly Boyd (ed.), Fitzroy Dearborn publishers, 1999 ISBN 978-1-884964-33-6
  36. ↑ Edwin Pears, The destruction of the Greek Empire and the story of the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, Haskell House, 1968
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Millar, Fergus (2006). A Greek Roman Empire : power and belief under Theodosius II (408–450). University of California Press. p. 279 pages. ISBN 0-520-24703-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  38. ↑ Tanner, Norman P. The Councils of the Church, ISBN 0-8245-1904-3
  39. ↑ The Byzantine legacy in the Orthodox Church by John Meyendorff – 1982
  40. ↑ Hugh Wybrew, The Orthodox liturgy: the development of the eucharistic liturgy in the Byzantine rite – 1990
  41. ↑ The Christian Churches of the East, Vol. II: Churches Not in Communion with Rome by Donald Attwater – 1962
  42. ↑ J Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (1987)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Joan Mervyn Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, 1990
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 A. P. Vlasto, Entry of Slavs Christendom – 1970
  45. ↑ Andreĭ Lazarov Pantev, Bŭlgarska istorii︠a︡ v evropeĭski kontekst – 2000

Further reading

  • Aderny, Walter F. The Greek and Eastern Churches (1908) online
  • Constantelos, Demetrios J. Understanding the Greek Orthodox church: its faith, history, and practice (Seabury Press, 19820
  • Fortesque, Adrian. The Orthodox Eastern Church (1929)
  • Hussey, Joan Mervyn. The orthodox church in the Byzantine empire (Oxford University Press, 2010) online
  • Kephala, Euphrosyne. The Church of the Greek People Past and Present (1930)
  • Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ' Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: The Protestant and Eastern Churches. (1959) 2: 479-484; Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, IV: The Twentieth Century in Europe: The Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Churches (1958)
  • McGuckin, John Anthony (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. 2 vols. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

External links


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