| Haplogroup Y |
 |
| Possible time of origin |
11,800 to 33,300 YBP |
| Ancestor |
N9 |
| Descendants |
Y1, Y2 |
| Defining mutations |
8392 10398 14178 14693 16126 16223 16231[1] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.[citation needed]
Distribution
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 38% of Ulchs, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus.[2][3][4][5] It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and Maritime Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this haplogroup in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans[3] and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.[6][7]
Its subclade Y2 has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.[8]
Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y
| Population |
Frequency |
Count |
Source |
Subtypes |
| Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) |
0.661 |
56 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
Y1=37 |
| Hezhen (China) |
0.400 |
10 |
HGDP ([1][2] Lippold 2014) |
Y1a=4 |
| Indonesian (Nias) |
0.400 |
440 |
van Oven 2011 |
Y2=176 |
| Ulch |
0.379 |
87 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
Y1=33 |
| Negidal |
0.212 |
33 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
Y1=7 |
| Ainu |
0.196 |
51 |
Satou 2009
Tajima 2004 |
Y1=10 |
| Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) |
0.167 |
42 |
Hill 2006 |
Y2=7 |
| Filipino (Palawan) |
0.150 |
20 |
Scholes 2011 |
Y2=3 |
| Filipino |
0.129 |
62 |
Hill 2007 |
Y2=8 |
| Koryak |
0.097 |
155 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
Y=15 |
| Evenk (Buryatia) |
0.089 |
45 |
Derenko 2007 |
Y=4 |
| Udegey (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai) |
0.087 |
46 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
Y1=4 |
| Filipino (Mindanao) |
0.071 |
70 |
Tabbada 2010 |
Y2=5 |
| Filipino |
0.063 |
64 |
Tabbada 2010 |
Y2=4 |
| Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) |
0.058 |
52 |
Hill 2006 |
Y2=3 |
| Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.050 |
20 |
Comas 2004 |
Y=1 |
| Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.050 |
20 |
Comas 2004 |
Y=1 |
| Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.050 |
20 |
Comas 2004 |
Y=1 |
| Orok (Sakhalin) |
0.049 |
61 |
Bermisheva 2005 |
Y=3 |
| Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) |
0.048 |
105 |
Fedorova 2013 |
Y1a=5 |
| Filipino (Luzon) |
0.045 |
177 |
Tabbada 2010 |
Y2=8 |
| Itelmen |
0.043 |
47 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
Y=2 |
| Batak (Palawan) |
0.032 |
31 |
Scholes 2011 |
Y2=1 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) |
0.032 |
31 |
Li 2007 |
Y1=1 |
| Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) |
0.030 |
33 |
Wen 2004 |
Y=1 |
| Khamnigan (Buryatia) |
0.030 |
99 |
Derenko 2007 |
Y=3 |
| Korean |
0.029 |
346 |
Maruyama 2003 |
Y=10 |
| Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) |
0.027 |
73 |
Derenko 2007 |
Y=2 |
| Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) |
0.027 |
111 |
Fedorova 2013 |
Y1a=3 |
| Tajik (Tajikistan) |
0.023 |
44 |
Derenko 2007 |
Y=1 |
| Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) |
0.022 |
45 |
Kong 2003 |
Y1=1 |
| Han (Xinjiang) |
0.021 |
47 |
Yao 2004 |
Y1=1 |
| Mongolian (Ulan Bator) |
0.021 |
47 |
Jin 2009 |
Y1=1 |
| Kalmyk (Kalmykia) |
0.018 |
110 |
Derenko 2007 |
Y=2 |
| Kazakh (Kazakhstan) |
0.018 |
55 |
Yao 2004 |
Y1=1 |
| Japanese (Tōhoku) |
0.018 |
336 |
Umetsu 2005 |
Y=6 |
| Uzbek (Xinjiang) |
0.017 |
58 |
Yao 2004 |
Y1=1 |
| Indonesian (Sulawesi) |
0.017 |
237 |
Hill 2007 |
Y2=4 |
| Korean (South Korea) |
0.015 |
203 |
Umetsu 2005 |
Y=3 |
| Taiwan aborigines |
0.014 |
640 |
Peng 2011 |
Y=9 |
| Buryat (Buryatia) |
0.014 |
295 |
Derenko 2007 |
Y=4 |
| Taiwanese |
0.013 |
152 |
Maruyama 2003 |
Y=2 |
| Indonesian (Adonara) |
0.013 |
77 |
Mona 2009 |
Y2=1 |
| Indonesian (Bali) |
0.012 |
82 |
Hill 2007 |
Y2=1 |
| Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) |
0.012 |
164 |
Fedorova 2013 |
Y1a=2 |
| Chinese |
0.011 |
263 |
Maruyama 2003 |
Y=3 |
| Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) |
0.011 |
91 |
Umetsu 2005 |
Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) |
0.011 |
185 |
Jin 2009 |
Y1=1, Y2=1 |
| Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic) |
0.010 |
98 |
Derenko 2012 |
Y1=1 |
| Japanese (Miyazaki) |
0.010 |
100 |
Uchiyama 2007 |
Y=1 |
| Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) |
0.010 |
103 |
Wen 2005 |
Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) |
0.010 |
103 |
Derenko 2007 |
Y=1 |
| Buryat |
0.008 |
126 |
Kong 2003 |
Y1=1 |
| Tatar (Buinsk, Tatarstan) |
0.008 |
126 |
Malyarchuk 2010 |
Y1b=1 |
| Japanese (northern Kyūshū) |
0.008 |
256 |
Umetsu 2005 |
Y=2 |
| Barghut (Hulunbuir) |
0.007 |
149 |
Derenko 2012 |
Y1=1 |
| Okinawa |
0.006 |
326 |
Umetsu 2005 |
Y=2 |
| Japanese |
0.005 |
211 |
Maruyama 2003 |
Y=1 |
| Japanese (Hokkaidō) |
0.005 |
217 |
Asari 2007 |
Y=1 |
| Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm Oblast) |
0.005 |
221 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) |
0.004 |
261 |
Kim 2008 |
Y=1 |
| Han (southern California) |
0.003 |
390 |
Ji 2012 |
Y=1 |
| Han (Taiwan) |
0.001 |
1117 |
Ji 2012 |
Y=1 |
| Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
10 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
11 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Chukchi (Anadyr) |
0.000 |
15 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 |
16 |
Comas 2004 |
- |
| Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 |
16 |
Comas 2004 |
- |
| Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) |
0.000 |
18 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
19 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 |
20 |
Comas 2004 |
- |
| Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 |
20 |
Comas 2004 |
- |
| Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 |
20 |
Comas 2004 |
- |
| Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 |
20 |
Comas 2004 |
- |
| Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) |
0.000 |
20 |
Li 2007 |
- |
| Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) |
0.000 |
22 |
Fedorova 2013 |
- |
| Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) |
0.000 |
24 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) |
0.000 |
24 |
Fornarino 2009 |
- |
| Nganasan |
0.000 |
24 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
25 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) |
0.000 |
25 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Kubachi (Dagestan) |
0.000 |
25 |
Marchani 2008 |
- |
| Kurd (northwestern Iran) |
0.000 |
25 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Kumyk (Dagestan) |
0.000 |
26 |
Marchani 2008 |
- |
| Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
26 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
27 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) |
0.000 |
28 |
Hill 2006 |
- |
| Andhra Pradesh (tribal) |
0.000 |
29 |
Fornarino 2009 |
- |
| Batek (Malaysia) |
0.000 |
29 |
Hill 2006 |
- |
| Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) |
0.000 |
29 |
Li 2007 |
- |
| Cun (Hainan) |
0.000 |
30 |
Peng 2011 |
- |
| Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
30 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) |
0.000 |
30 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Lingao (Hainan) |
0.000 |
31 |
Peng 2011 |
- |
| Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
31 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
31 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) |
0.000 |
32 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Mendriq (Malaysia) |
0.000 |
32 |
Hill 2006 |
- |
| Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
32 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
32 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Nogai (Dagestan) |
0.000 |
33 |
Marchani 2008 |
- |
| Temuan (Malaysia) |
0.000 |
33 |
Hill 2006 |
- |
| Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) |
0.000 |
35 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
35 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Aleut (Commander Islands) |
0.000 |
36 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
36 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Yakut (Yakutia) |
0.000 |
36 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Sireniki Eskimo |
0.000 |
37 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Ket |
0.000 |
38 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Eskimo (Naukan) |
0.000 |
39 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
39 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Nganasan |
0.000 |
39 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Han (Beijing) |
0.000 |
40 |
Jin 2009 |
- |
| Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
40 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Manchurian |
0.000 |
40 |
Jin 2009 |
- |
| Thai |
0.000 |
40 |
Jin 2009 |
- |
| Tharu (Morang, Nepal) |
0.000 |
40 |
Fornarino 2009 |
- |
| Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 |
40 |
Comas 2004 |
- |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
40 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
41 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) |
0.000 |
42 |
Wen 2005 |
- |
| Vietnamese |
0.000 |
42 |
Jin 2009 |
- |
| Indonesian (Ambon) |
0.000 |
43 |
Hill 2007 |
- |
| Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) |
0.000 |
44 |
Hill 2007 |
- |
| Hui (Xinjiang) |
0.000 |
45 |
Yao 2004 |
- |
| Indonesian (Alor) |
0.000 |
45 |
Hill 2007 |
- |
| Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
45 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Tofalar |
0.000 |
46 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) |
0.000 |
47 |
Kong 2003 |
- |
| Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) |
0.000 |
47 |
Yao 2004 |
- |
| Mongolian (Ulan Bator) |
0.000 |
47 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Uyghur (Xinjiang) |
0.000 |
47 |
Yao 2004 |
- |
| Hindu (New Delhi) |
0.000 |
48 |
Fornarino 2009 |
- |
| Korean (Arun Banner) |
0.000 |
48 |
Kong 2003 |
- |
| Kyrgyz (Talas) |
0.000 |
48 |
Yao 2004 |
- |
| Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) |
0.000 |
48 |
Kong 2003 |
- |
| Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) |
0.000 |
49 |
Yao 2004 |
- |
| Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
50 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Eskimo (Chaplin) |
0.000 |
50 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) |
0.000 |
50 |
Hill 2007 |
- |
| Jahai (Malaysia) |
0.000 |
51 |
Hill 2006 |
- |
| Korean (northern China) |
0.000 |
51 |
Jin 2009 |
- |
| Senoi (Malaysia) |
0.000 |
52 |
Hill 2006 |
- |
| Kazakh (Xinjiang) |
0.000 |
53 |
Yao 2004 |
- |
| Teleut (Kemerovo) |
0.000 |
53 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Chuvash (Morgaushsky, Chuvashia) |
0.000 |
55 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
- |
| Uyghur (Kazakhstan) |
0.000 |
55 |
Yao 2004 |
- |
| Tibetan (Qinghai) |
0.000 |
56 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Khakassian (Khakassia) |
0.000 |
57 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Semelai (Malaysia) |
0.000 |
61 |
Hill 2006 |
- |
| Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky, Komi Republic) |
0.000 |
62 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
- |
| Mansi |
0.000 |
63 |
Pimenoff 2008 |
- |
| Tujia (western Hunan) |
0.000 |
64 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Chukchi |
0.000 |
66 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) |
0.000 |
68 |
Wen 2004 |
- |
| Saami (Finland) |
0.000 |
69 |
Tambets 2004 |
- |
| Tatar (Aznakayevo, Tatarstan) |
0.000 |
71 |
Malyarchuk 2010 |
- |
| Telenghit (Altai Republic) |
0.000 |
71 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Tubalar (Turochaksky & Choysky, Altai Republic) |
0.000 |
72 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug) |
0.000 |
74 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
- |
| Siberian Eskimo |
0.000 |
79 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Persian (eastern Iran) |
0.000 |
82 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Shor (Kemerovo) |
0.000 |
82 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) |
0.000 |
82 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Altai Kizhi |
0.000 |
90 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Tuvan |
0.000 |
95 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Eskimo (Canada) |
0.000 |
96 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Mansi |
0.000 |
98 |
Starikovskaya 2005 |
- |
| Saami (Sweden) |
0.000 |
98 |
Tambets 2004 |
- |
| Udmurt (Malopurginsky, Udmurtia & Tatyshlinsky, Bashkortostan) |
0.000 |
101 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
- |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) |
0.000 |
102 |
Liu 2011 |
- |
| Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky, Mordovia) |
0.000 |
102 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
- |
| Tuvinian |
0.000 |
105 |
Derenko 2007 |
- |
| Khanty |
0.000 |
106 |
Pimenoff 2008 |
- |
| Yakut |
0.000 |
117 |
Kong 2003 |
- |
| Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, & Zhigansky, Yakutia) |
0.000 |
125 |
Fedorova 2013 |
- |
| Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) |
0.000 |
133 |
Fornarino 2009 |
- |
| Mari (Zvenigovsky, Mari El) |
0.000 |
136 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
- |
| Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) |
0.000 |
137 |
Ji 2012 |
- |
| Yakut (northern Yakutia) |
0.000 |
148 |
Fedorova 2013 |
- |
| Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) |
0.000 |
154 |
Fedorova 2013 |
- |
| Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) |
0.000 |
160 |
Umetsu 2005 |
- |
| Aleut (Aleutian Islands) |
0.000 |
163 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
| Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) |
0.000 |
168 |
Peng 2010 |
- |
| Tatar (Almetyevsky and Yelabuzhsky, Tatarstan) |
0.000 |
228 |
Bermisheva 2002 |
- |
| Saami (Norway) |
0.000 |
278 |
Tambets 2004 |
- |
| Japanese (Tōkai) |
0.000 |
282 |
Umetsu 2005 |
- |
| Tibetan (Tibet) |
0.000 |
289 |
Ji 2012 |
- |
| Li (Hainan) |
0.000 |
346 |
Peng 2011 |
- |
| Eskimo (Greenland) |
0.000 |
385 |
Volodko 2008 |
- |
Subclades
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Sea of Okhotsk. Y2 predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Philippines and Sumatra.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ M. A. Bermisheva, I. A. Kutuev, V. A. Spitsyn et al., "Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Population of Oroks", Russian Journal of Genetics, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 66–71. Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)
- ↑ Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia by Derenko1 et al., Annals of Human Genetics Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003
- ↑ Yong-Gang Yao, Qing-Peng Kong, Cheng-Ye Wang et al., "Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China", Mol. Biol. Evol. 21(12):2265–2280. 2004
- ↑ Mannis van Oven, Johannes M Hämmerle, Marja van Schoor et al., "Unexpected island effects at an extreme: reduced Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Nias", Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq300
External links
