Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States

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Presidents, like the U.S. population, have grown taller over time.

A record of the heights of the Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.[1]

The tallest U.S. President was Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm), while the shortest was James Madison at 5 ft 4 in (163 cm). The average height of a US president has been 5 ft 10.7 inches and 5 ft 11.6 inches since 1900.

Barack Obama, the current President, is 6 ft 1 in (185 cm),[2][3] and Joe Biden, the current Vice-President, is 6 ft 0 in (183 cm).[4]

U.S. Presidents by height order

Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) edges out Lyndon B. Johnson as the tallest president.


James Madison, the shortest President, was 5 ft 4 in (163 cm).
Rank No President Height Height (cm) refs
1 16 Abraham Lincoln Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [5]
2 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [6][7][8]
3 3 Thomas Jefferson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][10]
4 1 George Washington Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [11]
4 21 Chester A. Arthur Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
4 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
4 41 George H. W. Bush Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][12]
4 42 Bill Clinton Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][12][13][14][15][16]
9 7 Andrew Jackson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][17]
9 40 Ronald Reagan Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
9 44 Barack Obama Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [2][3]
12 5 James Monroe Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][18]
12 10 John Tyler Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
12 15 James Buchanan Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
12 20 James A. Garfield Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
12 29 Warren G. Harding Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
12 35 John F. Kennedy Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
12 38 Gerald Ford Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][19]
19 27 William Howard Taft Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [20]
19 31 Herbert Hoover Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [21]
19 37 Richard Nixon Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][19]
19 43 George W. Bush Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [16][22][23][24]
23 22, 24 Grover Cleveland Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
23 28 Woodrow Wilson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][25]
25 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
26 14 Franklin Pierce Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
26 17 Andrew Johnson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
26 26 Theodore Roosevelt Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][18]
26 30 Calvin Coolidge Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
30 39 Jimmy Carter Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][19]
31 13 Millard Fillmore Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
31 33 Harry S. Truman Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
33 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][26]
34 9 William Henry Harrison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
34 11 James K. Polk Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][27]
34 12 Zachary Taylor Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][18]
34 18 Ulysses S. Grant Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [28]
38 6 John Quincy Adams Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [29]
39 2 John Adams Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][30]
39 25 William McKinley Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9]
41 23 Benjamin Harrison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [31]
41 8 Martin Van Buren Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [32]
43 4 James Madison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [9][33]

Electoral success as a function of height

Graph of winner v. loser heights in Presidential elections from 1789 - 2004. (Click to enlarge)

Various folk wisdoms about U.S. presidential politics put forward the view that the taller of the two major-party candidates always wins or almost always wins since the advent of the televised presidential debate. A study of the numbers reveals these claims are exaggerated at best.[citation needed]

There is more data if we examine the relationship of electoral success to height difference starting from the year 1900, rather than from the beginning of televised debates. As the chart below shows, in the 28 presidential elections between 1900 and 2011, 18 of the winning candidates have been taller than their opponents, while 8 have been shorter, and 2 have been of the same height. On average the winner was 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) taller than the loser.

The claims about taller candidates winning almost all modern presidential elections is still pervasive, however. Examples of such views include:

  • In Ray Bradbury's 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, when Mildred and her friends talk about the success of one presidential candidate over the other in a recent election, they talk only about the attractiveness of the winning candidate over the loser. One of their points is "You just don't go running a little short man like that against a tall man."
  • A 1988 article in the Los Angeles Times fashion section about a haberdasher devoted to clothing shorter men included a variation of the tale: "Stern says he just learned that Dukakis is 5 feet, 8 inches. 'Did you know,' he adds, noticeably disappointed, 'that since 1900 the taller of the two candidates always wins?' "[34]
  • A 1997 book called How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You discusses the issue in a section about the importance of height: "What about height? One assumes the taller the better, because our culture venerates height. In fact, practically every president elected in the United States since 1900 was the taller of the two candidates."[35]
  • A chapter entitled "Epistemology at the Core of Postmodernism" in the 2002 book Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmodernisms makes this observation: "I remember the subversive effect the observation had on me that in every U.S. presidential race, the taller of the two candidates had been elected. It opened up space for a counterdiscourse to the presumed rationality of the electoral process."[36]
  • A 1975 book called First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others notes: "Elevator Shoes, Anyone? One factor which has a far-reaching influence on how people are perceived, at least in American society, is height. From 1900 to 1968 the man elected U.S. president was always the taller of the two candidates. (Richard Nixon was slightly shorter than George McGovern.)"[37]
  • A 1978 book entitled The Psychology of Person Identification states: "They also say that every President of the USA elected since the turn of the [20th] century has been the taller of the two candidates (Jimmy Carter being an exception)."[38]
  • A 1999 book, Survival of the Prettiest by Nancy Etcoff, repeated a version of the legend in a section on the power of heights: "...Since 1776 only [two Presidents,] James Madison and Benjamin Harrison[,] have been below-average height. The easiest way to predict the winner in a United States election is to bet on the taller man: in this century you would have had an unbroken string of hits until 1972 when Richard Nixon beat George McGovern."[39]

A comparison of the heights of the winning presidential candidate with the losing candidate from each election since 1789 is provided below to evaluate such views.

Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates

  Taller candidate was elected    Taller candidate was not elected 
  Winner and tallest opponent were of the same height   Comparison data unavailable 
Election Winner
in Electoral College		 Height Main opponent(s)
during election		 Height Difference
2012 Barack Obama Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Mitt Romney[40] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 2 cm
2008 Barack Obama Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). John McCain[41] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 4 in 10 cm
2004 George W. Bush Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). John Kerry[19] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 4½ in 11 cm
2000 George W. Bush Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Al Gore*[12][42] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1½ in 3 cm
1996 Bill Clinton Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Bob Dole[43] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1992 Bill Clinton Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). George H.W. Bush Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 0 in 0 cm
1988 George H.W. Bush Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Michael Dukakis[44] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 6 in 15 cm
1984 Ronald Reagan Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Walter Mondale[12] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 2 in 5 cm
1980 Ronald Reagan Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Jimmy Carter Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 3½ in 8 cm
1976 Jimmy Carter Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Gerald Ford Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 2½ in 6 cm
1972 Richard Nixon Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). George McGovern[19][45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1½ in 3 cm
1968 Richard Nixon Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Hubert Humphrey[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Barry Goldwater[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 4½ in 12 cm
1960 John F. Kennedy Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Richard Nixon Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Adlai Stevenson II[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Adlai Stevenson II Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1948 Harry S. Truman Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Thomas Dewey[44][45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1 in 2 cm
1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Thomas Dewey Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 6 in 15 cm
1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Wendell Willkie[45][46] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 0 in 0 cm
1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Alfred Landon[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 3 in 8 cm
1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Herbert Hoover Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 2½ in 6 cm
1928 Herbert Hoover Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Al Smith[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1924 Calvin Coolidge Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). John W. Davis[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1 in 2 cm
1920 Warren G. Harding Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). James M. Cox[47] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 6 in 15 cm
1916 Woodrow Wilson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Charles Evans Hughes[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1 in 2 cm
1912 Woodrow Wilson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). William Howard Taft
Theodore Roosevelt		 5 ft 11 ​1⁄2 in
5 ft 10 in		 182 cm
178 cm		 ½ in
1 in		 1 cm
2 cm
1908 William Howard Taft Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). William Jennings Bryan[48][49][50][51] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1904 Theodore Roosevelt Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Alton B. Parker[45] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1 in 3 cm
1900 William McKinley Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). William Jennings Bryan Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 4 in 10 cm
1896 William McKinley Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). William Jennings Bryan Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 4 in 10 cm
1892 Grover Cleveland Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Benjamin Harrison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 5 in 12 cm
1888 Benjamin Harrison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Grover Cleveland* Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 5 in 12 cm
1884 Grover Cleveland Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). James G. Blaine[52] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 0 in 0 cm
1880 James A. Garfield Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Winfield Hancock[53] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1½ in 4 cm
1876 Rutherford B. Hayes Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Samuel Tilden*[54] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 1½ in 4 cm
1872 Ulysses S. Grant Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Horace Greeley[55] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 2 in 5 cm
1868 Ulysses S. Grant Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Horatio Seymour      
1864 Abraham Lincoln Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). George B. McClellan[56] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 8 in 20 cm
1860 Abraham Lincoln Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). John C. Breckinridge[57]
Stephen A. Douglas[58]		 6 ft 2 in
5 ft 4 in		 188 cm
163 cm		 2 in
12 in		 5 cm
30 cm
1856 James Buchanan 72 in6 ft 0 in 183 cm Millard Fillmore
John C. Frémont[59]		 69 in5 ft 9 in
5 ft 9 in		 175 cm
175 cm		 3 in
3 in		 8 cm
8 cm
1852 Franklin Pierce Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Winfield Scott[60] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 7 in 18 cm
1848 Zachary Taylor Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Lewis Cass[61] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ½ in 1 cm
1844 James K. Polk Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Henry Clay[62] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 5 in 13 cm
1840 William Henry Harrison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Martin Van Buren Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 2 in 5 cm
1836 Martin Van Buren 66 in5 ft 6 in 168 cm Hugh Lawson White[63]
William Henry Harrison		 5 ft 11 in
68 in5 ft 8 in		 180 cm
173 cm		 5 in
2 in		 12 cm
5 cm
1832 Andrew Jackson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Henry Clay Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 0 in 0 cm
1828 Andrew Jackson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). John Quincy Adams Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 5½ in 14 cm
1824 John Quincy Adams Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). William H. Crawford[64][65]
Andrew Jackson*
Henry Clay		 6 ft 3 in
73 in6 ft 1 in
73 in6 ft 1 in		 191 cm
185 cm
185 cm		 7½ in
5½ in
5½ in		 20 cm
14 cm
14 cm
1820 James Monroe† Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).          
1816 James Monroe Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Rufus King        
1812 James Madison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). De Witt Clinton[66] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 11 in 28 cm
1808 James Madison Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Charles C. Pinckney Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 5 in 13 cm
1804 Thomas Jefferson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Charles C. Pinckney Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 5½ in 14 cm
1800 Thomas Jefferson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). John Adams Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 7½ in 19 cm
1796 John Adams Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). Thomas Jefferson Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). 7½ in 19 cm
1792 George Washington† Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).          
1789 George Washington† Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).          

Note:

* Lost the Electoral Vote, but received more popular votes.

† Ran unopposed

Extremes

The tallest President elected to office was Abraham Lincoln (Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).). Portrait artist Francis Bicknell Carpenter supplies the information for Lincoln:

Mr. Lincoln's height was six feet three and three-quarter inches "in his stocking-feet." He stood up one day, at the right of my large canvas, while I marked his exact height upon it.[5]

It is likely, however, that Lincoln's height was the result of a genetic condition, the disease known as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN2B).[67] (See Medical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln.)

Only slightly shorter than Lincoln was Lyndon B. Johnson (Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).), the tallest President who originally entered office without being elected directly. The shortest President elected to office was James Madison (Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).); the shortest President to originally enter the office by means other than election is tied between Millard Fillmore and Harry S. Truman (both were Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).).

The tallest unsuccessful presidential candidate (who is also the tallest of all presidential candidates) is Winfield Scott, who stood at Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). and lost the 1852 election to Franklin Pierce, who stood at Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).. The second tallest unsuccessful candidate is John Kerry, at Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).. The shortest unsuccessful presidential candidate is Stephen A. Douglas, at Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).. The next shortest is tied between two sitting Presidents, Martin Van Buren and Benjamin Harrison, who lost their respective elections in 1840 and 1892 and were both Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value)..

The largest height difference between two presidential candidates (out of the candidates whose heights are known) was in the 1860 election, when Abraham Lincoln stood almost 12 inches (30 cm) taller than opponent Stephen A. Douglas. The second-largest difference was in the 1812 election, with De Witt Clinton standing 11 inches (28 cm) taller than incumbent James Madison.

Notes

  1. ↑ As some examples, USA TODAY listed height among six criteria for predicting who would win the 2004 election; a Washington Post blog noted the significance of height in physical appearance and its effect on voters. See the discussion of this phenomenon later in the article for further examples.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Various sources have put Washington's height between 6 ft and 6 ft 3 in. See: Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 2010, The Penguin Press HC ISBN 1-59420-266-4; Wilson, Woodrow, George Washington, 2004, Cosimo, Inc., p. 111; Alden, John Richard, George Washington: A Biography, 1984, Louisiana State University Press, p. 11; Lodge, Henry Cabot, George Washington, Vol. I, 2007, The Echo Library, p. 30; Haworth, Paul Leland, George Washington, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 119; Thayer, William Roscoe, George Washington, 1931, Plain Label Books, p. 65
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Remini, Robert V., Andrew Jackson, HarperCollins, 1969, p. 15. ISBN 0-06-080132-8
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Whitcomb, John and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, Routledge (UK), 2002. ISBN 0-415-93951-8
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Sotos, John G. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. Chest. 2003;124:1133-1142.Online copy
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Levin, Phyllis Lee, Edith & Woodrow: the Wilson White House, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-1158-8 Google Print
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Behrman, Carol H.James K. Polk, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8225-1396-X
  28. ↑ King, Charles, The True Ulysses Grant, Philadelphia & London, J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1914.Google Print
  29. ↑ Levy, Debbie,John Quincy Adams, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004, p. 28. ISBN 0-8225-0825-7
  30. ↑ Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Owl Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4576-7, p. 169.Google Print
  31. ↑ Loderhouse, Gary and Nelson Price, William Addison Hunter, Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana, Emmis Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57860-097-9 Google Print
  32. ↑ Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. ISBN 0-8050-6922-4
  33. ↑ Phillips, Louis, Ask Me Anything About the Presidents, HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-380-76426-1
  34. ↑ Los Angeles Times, Mar 25, 1988, pg. 7
  35. ↑ Lowndes, Leil, How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997, pp.174-175. ISBN 0-8092-2989-7 Google Print
  36. ↑ Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmoderns, edited by D.A. Carson, Zondervan, 2002, p. 83. ISBN 0-310-24334-3 Google Print
  37. ↑ Kleinke, Chris L., First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others, Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. 13. ISBN 0-13-318428-5 Google Print
  38. ↑ Clifford, Brian R. and Ray Bull, The Psychology of Person Identification, Routledge & K. Paul, 1978, p. 115. ISBN 0-7100-8867-1. Print
  39. ↑ Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest, New York, Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-47942-5
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ The Washington Post listed Dole at 6'2"/1.88 m, USA TODAY listed him at 6'1"/1.85 m
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ 45.00 45.01 45.02 45.03 45.04 45.05 45.06 45.07 45.08 45.09 45.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Wendell Willkie Biography
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Gillis, Too Tall, Too Small, p. 20. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lists his height as 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) during his second year in college.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lists his height as 6 ft 0 in (183 cm).
  52. ↑ Records of his height have been difficult to obtain. In one biography, he was described as "just under six feet in height". While not a definitive record of his height, this description does allow us to presume he was at least comparable in height to Cleveland. See Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ According to Cass's biography, he was "about five foot eight or nine inches". See Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ One biography of Crawford describes his stature as being "considerably over six feet". See Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Cornog, Evan, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, ISBN 0-19-514051-6
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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