Help:IPA for Malay
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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. See Malay phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Malay.
English approximations are in some cases very loose, and only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation.
IPA | Examples | nearest English equivalent |
---|---|---|
b | bola[1] | beau |
d | dari[1] | do |
ð | izin, zakar[2] | the, father |
dʒ | jari | job |
f | fikir, visa[3] | festival |
ɡ | galah[4] | gain |
h | habis, tokoh | hat |
j | yakin, kaya | yes |
k | kalah[1][4] | sky |
l | lama | clean |
m | makan | moon |
n | nakal | note |
ŋ | ngarai | feeling |
ɲ | nyaman | canyon |
θ | Selasa, salji, misal[2] | think, three |
p | pola[1] | spy |
r | raja, dari, pasar | trilled 'r'[5] |
s | saya | six |
ʃ | syak[3] | shoe |
t | tari[1] | sty |
tʃ | cari | check |
v | visa[3] | vision |
w | waktu, Jawa | we |
x | khas[3] | Scottish Loch |
z | zaman[3] | zero |
ʔ | bapak [1][4] |
IPA | Examples | nearest English equivalent |
---|---|---|
a | ajar, buka[7][8] | father |
e | serong, kare, pilih, yakin, kirim[9] | clay[10] |
ɛ | pek, teh, bebek[11] | festival |
i | bila, ini | see |
ɪ | kirim[11] | bin |
o | roda, toko, tujuh, rumput[9] | sole[12] |
ɔ | pohon[11] | sort |
u | upah, baru | moon |
ʊ | rumput[11] | foot |
ə | gelak, buka[7] | taken, about |
IPA | Examples | nearest English equivalent |
---|---|---|
au, aʊ[13] | kalau[9] | how |
ai, aɪ[13] | capai[9] | bye |
ei, eɪ[13] | murbei | survey (uncommon) |
oi, oɪ[13] | sepoi | boy (uncommon) |
ui, uɪ[13] | fengsui | Spanish muy (uncommon) |
IPA | Explanation |
---|---|
ˈ | Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable[14] |
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased [p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚], with final k being a glottal stop. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p̚, t̚]. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 The dental fricatives [θ, ð] are found solely in Arabic loanwords, but the writing is not distinguished from the Arabic loanwords containing the [s, z] sounds and these sounds must be learned separately by the speakers.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 The fricatives [f, z, ʃ, x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is [f]. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The glottal stop [ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
- ↑ In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant /r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, [ɣ] or [ʁ], and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap [ɾ] or trill [r]. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced [krəˈtas] or [kərəˈtas].
- ↑ The nasal consonants /m, n, ŋ, ɲ/ nasalize following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the intervening consonant is /h, j, w, ʔ/.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 In Malaysian, word-final /a/ is often reduced to [ə].
- ↑ [ɑ] is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords, example: qari [qɑri].
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 [e, o] are allophones of /i, u/ in native words, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into [e, o], respectively, especially in Java.
- ↑ The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 /e, i, o, u/ in Indonesian language have lax allophones [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ] in closed final syllables, except that tense [i, u] occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax [ɛ, ɔ] also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
- ↑ The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Only occurs in Indonesian, not in Malay.
- ↑ Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [ə], stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.