Help:IPA for West Frisian

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents West Frisian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See West Frisian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of West Frisian.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b bak [bak], opdwaan [ˈobdʋaːn][1] bait
d dei [dai], net dwaan [nɛd dʋaːn][1] duck
dz skodzje [ˈskɔdzjə] heads
f fet [fɛt] feats
ɡ gau [ɡɔu],[2] ik bin [ɪɡ bɪn][1] goal
ɣ ploege [ˈpluːɣə],[2] sjoch ien [sjoɣ iən][1] roughly like go, but without completely
blocking air flow on the g; Spanish amigo
h heal [hɪəl][3] heal
j jong [joŋ] yard
k kaam [kaːm] school
l lang [laŋ] land
leppel [ˈlɛpl̩][4] bottle
m man [mɔn], ynbine [ˈimbinə][5] man
iepen [ˈiəpm̩][4] rhythm
n né [neɪ] neck
tiden [ˈtiːdn̩][4] suddenly
ɲ wenje [ˈʋɛɲə] somewhat like canyon
ŋ sang [saŋ], ynkomme [ˈiŋkomə][5] long
ŋ̍ rekken [ˈrɛkŋ̍][4] take an interest
p piip [piːp], kob [kop][6] sport
r ryk [rik],[7] siede [ˈsiərə][8] trilled R; similar to water (American English)
eker [ˈeɪkr̩][4]
s sinne [ˈsɪnə] sock
t tin [tɪn], jild [jɪlt],[6] op dy [op ti][9] stop
ts tsiis [tsiːs] cats
v iver [ˈiːvər],[10][11] of bûter [ɔv ˈbutər],[1]
of út [ɔv yt][1]
very
ʋ wyn [ʋin][10] between wine and vine
x ljocht [ljɔxt],[11] Valkenburg [ˈfalkəbørx][6] loch (Scottish English)
z ze [ˈlɛːzə],[11] baas die [baːz di],[1]
is yn [ɪz in][1]
zip
Suprasegmentals
ˈ stêd [ˈstɛːt] Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ stedshûs [ˌstɛtsˈhuːs] Secondary stress, as in commandeer
/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
◌̃ ynfalle [ˈĩfɔlə], jûns [jũːs] nasal vowel[12]
Dialectal sounds
IPA Examples English approximation
ɑː maat [mɑːt][13] father
ɪː beast [bɪːst][14] kid
øː beuch [bøːx][15] roughly like herd
œː töter [ˈtœːtər][16]
œ skoalle [ˈskœlə][16] roughly like hurt
ɵ [17]
ɞ [17]
ɔi laitsje [ˈlɔitsjə][18] choice
uːi [19] to eternity
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Monophthongs
a pak [pak] art
faak [faːk] father
ɛ fet [fɛt] bet
ɛː bêd [bɛːt] bed
ə de [də] about
i dyk [dik] teach
tiid [tiːt] tea
ɪ ik [ɪk] sit
ɔ top [tɔp] lot (RP and Australian)
ɔː rôt [rɔːt] nod (RP and Australian)
o op [op] force (RP and Australian)
ø nut [nøt] roughly like hurt
u hoep [hup] truth
skoech [skuːx][20] true
y slute [ˈslytə] roughly like shoe, but shorter
drúf [dryːf][20] roughly like shoe
Diphthongs (falling)
ai laitsje [ˈlaitsjə] RP right
aːi kaai [kaːi] tie
reek [reɪk][21] face
ɛi frij [frɛi]
bien [biən][22] RP near
ɪə read [rɪət][22]
iu ieu [iu] free will
boat [boət][22] Traditional RP cure
goed [ɡuət][22]
oi muoie [ˈmwoiə] choice
oːi moai [moːi] boy
rook [roʊk][21] goat
ɔu goud [ɡɔut]
øə gleon [ɡløən] roughly like herd
øʏ deun [døʏn][21]
œy jui [jœy] house (Scottish English)
ui ploeije [ˈpluiə] to eternity
flues [flyəs][22] roughly like RP near
Diphthongs (rising)
hjerst [jɛst][22] yes
fjild [fjɪlt][22] roughly like yeast
mjuks [mjøks][22] roughly like Jurgen
wa toar [twar][22] Juan
wo spoen [spwon][22] water

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 The syllable-final (and also word-final) voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, f, s, x] are voiced to [b, d, ɡ, v, z, ɣ] when the next syllable (including the next word) begins with a voiced stop and, in case of the fricatives [f, s, x], also when the next word begins with a vowel (Tiersma (1999:24)).
  2. 2.0 2.1 [ɡ] and [ɣ] are allophones of a single phoneme /ɣ/. The plosive [ɡ] appears word-initially and syllable-initially (the latter only when stressed), whereas the fricative [ɣ] occurs elsewhere (Hoekstra (2001:86), Sipma (1913:15, 17)).
  3. In most dialects, /h/ is deleted before [j] and [w] (Tiersma (1999:22)).
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The syllabic nasals [m̩, n̩, ŋ̍] are all phonemically /ən/, whereas the syllabic [l̩, r̩] are phonemically /əl, ər/. To read about their exact distribution, see e.g. Sipma (1913:36). The only sonorants that cannot be syllabic are [ʋ, j].
  5. 5.0 5.1 Apart from being the phonetic realization of the phonemes /m, ŋ/, [m, ŋ] occur as allophones of /n/ before, respectively, bilabial and velar consonants (Tiersma (1999:24)).
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Word-final /b, d/ are realized as voiceless [p, t] in all dialects except Amelansk (van der Veen (2001:104)). Note, however, that final /b/ is rare (Tiersma (1999:21)), and that in loanwords from Standard Dutch, final /ɣ/ can also appear, and is also devoiced to [x].
  7. /r/ is silent before other alveolar consonants, i.e. /n, t, d, s, z, l/ (Tiersma (1999:28–29), Keil (2003:8)). An exception to this rule are recent loanwords from Standard Dutch (e.g. sport), which may or may not be pronounced with [r] (Tiersma (1999:29)).
  8. Intervocalic ⟨d⟩, as well as the sequence ⟨rd⟩ are often rhotacized to /r/ (Tiersma (1999:21)).
  9. In various pronouns and function words, the initial /d/ becomes voiceless [t] when a voiceless obstruent ends the preceding word (Tiersma (1999:24)).
  10. 10.0 10.1 Both [ʋ] and [v] can be regarded as allophones of a single phoneme /v/. The approximant [ʋ] appears word-initially, whereas the fricative [v] occurs elsewhere (Keil (2003:7)).
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Among fricatives, neither the voiced /v, z/ nor the voiceless /x/ can occur word-initially (Sipma (1913:16–17)).
  12. When a sequence of any vowel and /n/ occurs before any continuant besides /h/ (that is, /f, v, ʋ, s, z, r, l, j/), it is realized as a nasalized vowel. When the following consonant is /s/, such a nasalized vowel is also lengthened (but only in stressed syllables (Hoekstra (2001:86))), so that e.g. jûns (phonemically /juns/) is pronounced [jũːs], whereas prins (phonemically /prɪns/) is pronounced [prẽːs]. One exception to this lengthening rule is that when a short vowel precedes the sequence /nst/ in the second person singular verb form (as in winst [ʋɪ̃st]), it is kept short by most speakers (Tiersma (1999:13)). It is unclear whether the lengthened short monophthongs /ɪ, ø/ (/o/ cannot be lenghtened) are phonetically long monophthongs or diphthongs (as it is the case with the oral /eː, øː/), hence the transcription [prẽːs] rather than [prẽɪ̃s].
  13. /ɑː/ has a phonemic status in the Aastersk dialect (van der Veen (2001:102)).
  14. /ɪː/ has a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers dialect (van der Veen (2001:102)).
  15. [øː] is the Hindeloopers realization of /øː/. In other dialects, /øː/ is commonly slightly diphthongal [øʏ] (van der Veen (2001:102)).
  16. 16.0 16.1 The open-mid front rounded vowels /œ, œː/ have a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers and Súdwesthoeksk dialects, but not in the standard language (Hoekstra (2001:83), van der Veen (2001:102)).
  17. 17.0 17.1 [ɵ] and [ɞ] are the southwestern realizations of, respectively, /wo/ and /wa/ (Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)).
  18. [ɔi] is a dialectal realization of /ai/ (Booij (1989:319)).
  19. In some dialects, /ui/ and /uːi/ are distinct phonemes. In the standard language, however, only /ui/ appears (Tiersma (1999:12)).
  20. 20.0 20.1 The long close rounded vowels /uː, yː/ do not appear in the dialect of Ljouwert (van der Veen (2001:102)).
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 Even though they pattern with monophthongs, the long close-mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are often realized as narrow closing diphthongs ((Visser (1997:22–23), Tiersma (1999:10–11))), and that is how we transcribe them here.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 The falling diphthongs [iə, ɪə, oə, uə, yə] alternate with the rising diphthongs [ji, jɛ, wa, wo, jø] in the phenomenon called breaking. The [yə−jø] alternation occurs only in the word pair sluere−slurkje (Booij (1989:319)).

Bibliography

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