Hermite–Hadamard inequality
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In mathematics, the Hermite–Hadamard inequality, named after Charles Hermite and Jacques Hadamard and sometimes also called Hadamard's inequality, states that if a function ƒ : [a, b] → R is convex, then the following chain of inequalities hold:
Contents
Retkes inequality: The concept of a sequence of iterated integrals
Suppose that −∞ < a < b < ∞, and let f:[a, b] → ℝ be an integrable real function. Under the above conditions the following sequence of functions is called the sequence of iterated integrals of f,where a ≤ s ≤ b.:
Example 1
Let [a, b] = [0, 1] and f(s) ≡ 1. Then the sequence of iterated integrals of 1 is defined on [0, 1], and
Example 2
Let [a,b] = [−1,1] and f(s) ≡ 1. Then the sequence of iterated integrals of 1 is defined on [−1, 1], and
Example 3
Let [a, b] = [0, 1] and f(s) = es. Then the sequence of iterated integrals of f is defined on [0, 1], and
Theorem (Retkes inequality)
Suppose that −∞ < a < b < ∞, and let f:[a,b]→R be a convex function, a < xi < b, i = 1, ..., n, such that xi ≠ xj, if i ≠ j. Then the following holds:
where
In the concave case ≤ is changed to ≥.
Remark 1. If f is convex in the strict sense then ≤ is changed to < and equality holds iff f is linear function.
Remark 2. The inequality is sharp in the following limit sense: let and
Then the limit of the left side exists and
References
- Jacques Hadamard, "Étude sur les propriétés des fonctions entières et en particulier d'une fonction considérée par Riemann", Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, volume 58, 1893, pages 171–215.
- Zoltán Retkes, "An extension of the Hermite–Hadamard Inequality", Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 74 (2008), pages 95–106.
- Mihály Bessenyei, "The Hermite–Hadamard Inequality on Simplices", American Mathematical Monthly, volume 115, April 2008, pages 339–345.